it

• Личное местоимение третьего лица единственного числа среднего рода, используется для ссылки на неодушевлённые предметы, животных, абстрактные понятия или как формальное подлежащее в безличных конструкциях.

The singular third-person neuter pronoun in Modern English, used to refer to inanimate objects, animals, abstract concepts, or as a dummy subject in impersonal constructions.

1. Third-person neuter pronoun for things, animals, or conceptsA1formal

   Used as the subject or object of a verb to refer to an inanimate object, an animal, a baby of unspecified gender, or an abstract idea that has been mentioned or is clear from context.

   Личное местоимение среднего рода для предметов, животных или понятий

   • I bought a new phone. It works perfectly.
   • The cat is sleeping. It looks so peaceful.
   • Where is my book? Have you seen it?
   • The company announced its new policy. It will take effect next month.
   • She loves her job. It makes her happy.

2. Dummy or impersonal 'it' for weather, time, distance, and general situationsA1formal

   Used as a grammatical subject with no specific referent in expressions about weather, time, date, distance, or general circumstances.

   Формальное (безличное) 'it' для погоды, времени, расстояния и общих ситуаций

   • It is raining outside.
   • It's 3 o'clock in the afternoon.
   • It's about ten kilometers to the nearest town.
   • It's getting dark.
   • It seems that he forgot about the meeting.

3. Cleft sentence 'it' for emphasisB2formal

   Used in cleft constructions to emphasize a particular part of the sentence, often in the pattern 'It is/was ... that/who ...'.

   'It' в расщеплённых предложениях для эмфазы

   • It was John who called yesterday.
   • It is this book that I was looking for.
   • It wasn't until midnight that they arrived.
   • It is because she studied hard that she passed the exam.
   • It is in Paris where they first met.