after

An archaic or nautical adjective meaning 'behind' or 'toward the stern of a ship'; now obsolete in general use.

ruУстаревшее или морское прилагательное, означающее 'позади' или 'по направлению к корме корабля'; в настоящее время вышло из общего употребления.esAdjetivo marítimo o anticuado que significa 'hacia la popa' o 'en la parte trasera de un barco'; poco usado fuera de contextos náuticos o literarios.frAdjectif ou adverbe maritime ou vieilli signifiant 'à l'arrière' ou 'vers l'arrière d'un navire'; n'est plus guère employé dans la langue courante.deVeraltetes oder seemännisches Adjektiv mit der Bedeutung 'hinten' oder 'in Richtung auf das Heck eines Schiffes'; in der allgemeinen Sprache heute nicht mehr gebräuchlich.ptAdjetivo náutico que significa 'na parte de trás' ou 'em direção à popa de um navio'; também pode ser usado como advérbio com o sentido de 'à popa'.zh古旧或航海用语形容词，意为“在后面的”或“朝船尾方向的”；现已不常用于日常语言。arصفة بحرية قديمة تعني 'خلفي' أو 'متجه نحو مؤخرة السفينة'، وقد أصبحت قليلة الاستعمال في اللغة العامة.

1. Situated at the rear B2 formal

   Located at or toward the back part of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle.

   • The aft cabin is reserved for the captain.
   • The crew gathered in the aft section of the ship.
   • The aircraft's aft cargo door was damaged.

   ruКормовойesde popafrsitué à l'arrièredeAchter-, Heck-ptDe popazh船尾的arخلفي

   Synonymes: afterbackhindposteriorrear

   Antonymes: foreforward

2. Direction toward the stern B2 formal

   Moving or positioned toward the stern of a ship or tail of an aircraft.

   • The sailors moved aft to adjust the sails.
   • The pilot directed the passengers to remain aft during landing.
   • The ship's aft deck offers a great view of the ocean.

   ruКормовойeshacia la popafrVers l'arrière (d'un navire)deachternptDe popazh船尾的arخلفي

   Synonymes: abaftbackhindposteriorreartail

   Antonymes: foreforwardfront

• after comparative form
• aftmost superlative form

An adjective used to describe something that is later in time or subsequent to something else.

ruПрилагательное, используемое для описания чего-то, что происходит позже во времени или следует за чем-то другим.esAdjetivo que se usa para describir algo que ocurre más tarde en el tiempo o que sigue a otra cosa; también puede indicar una posición posterior en una secuencia.frAdjectif utilisé pour décrire quelque chose qui se produit plus tard dans le temps ou qui suit autre chose.deAdjektiv, das verwendet wird, um etwas zu beschreiben, das später in der Zeit geschieht oder auf etwas anderes folgt.ptAdjetivo usado para descrever algo que acontece mais tarde no tempo ou que vem depois de outra coisa.zh形容词，用于描述在时间上较晚发生或跟随在另一事物之后的事物。arصفة تُستخدم لوصف شيء يحدث لاحقًا في الزمن أو يأتي بعد شيء آخر. وتُستعمل أيضًا للإشارة إلى ما يلي شيئًا في الترتيب أو المكانة.

1. Located farther aft C1 formal

   Situated towards the rear or stern of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle.

   • The after cabin is reserved for the captain.
   • The after deck provides a good view of the ocean.
   • The after section of the plane is quieter.

   ruКормовойestraserofrsitué plus en arrière (vers l'arrière d'un navire, avion ou véhicule)deAchternptDe rézh船尾的arخلفي

   Synonymes: aftbackhindposteriorrearstern

   Antonymes: foreforwardfront

2. Subsequent in time B1 formal

   Happening at a time later than a specified reference point.

   • In after years, they remembered the event fondly.
   • The after effects of the storm were severe.
   • The after part of the day was spent relaxing.

   ruПоследующийesposterior en el tiempofrpostérieur (dans le temps), ultérieurdeNachfolgendptPosteriorzh随后的arلاحِق

   Synonymes: ensuingfollowingsubsequentsucceeding

   Antonymes: before

3. Behind or in the rear B2 formal

   Located at the back or behind something.

   • The after rows of the theater are less crowded.
   • The after part of the train has a dining car.
   • The after section of the building houses the storage rooms.

   ruЗаднийesdetrásfrderrière, à l'arrièredehinterptTraseirozh后面的arخلفي

   Synonymes: aftbackhindposteriorrear

   Antonymes: beforefront

An adverb used in nautical and aeronautical contexts meaning "toward the stern (rear) of a ship or aircraft." It is the opposite of "fore" and is used to describe direction or position relative to the vessel's structure.

ruНаречие, используемое в морском и авиационном контексте, означающее «в сторону кормы (задней части) корабля или самолёта». Является противоположностью «носу» и используется для описания направления или положения относительно конструкции судна.esAdverbio usado en contextos náuticos y aeronáuticos que significa «hacia la popa (parte trasera) de un barco o avión». Es lo opuesto a «proa» y se emplea para describir dirección o posición respecto a la estructura de la embarcación.frAdverbe utilisé dans un contexte maritime et aéronautique, signifiant « vers l'arrière (la partie arrière) d'un navire ou d'un aéronef ». Il s'oppose à « avant » et sert à décrire une direction ou une position par rapport à la structure du bâtiment.deAdverb, das in der Schifffahrt und Luftfahrt verwendet wird und „in Richtung Heck (hinterer Teil) eines Schiffes oder Flugzeugs“ bedeutet. Es ist der Gegensatz zu „Bug“ und beschreibt die Richtung oder Lage relativ zur Konstruktion eines Wasser- oder Luftfahrzeugs.ptAdvérbio usado em contextos marítimo e aeronáutico, que significa «em direção à popa (parte traseira) de um navio ou avião». É o oposto de «proa» e descreve direção ou posição relativa à estrutura da embarcação ou aeronave.zh用于航海和航空语境的副词，表示“向船尾（或飞机尾部）方向”或“在船尾”。与“船首”相对，用来描述相对于船体或机体结构的方向或位置。arظرف مكان يُستخدم في السياق البحري والجوي ويعني «في اتجاه مؤخرة السفينة أو الطائرة» أو «في الجزء الخلفي منها». وهو عكس «إلى الأمام» ويُستعمل لوصف الاتجاه أو الموضع بالنسبة إلى بنية السفينة أو الطائرة.

1. Toward the stern or tail B2 formal

   Situated at or toward the rear part of a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle.

   • The captain ordered the crew to move aft.
   • The cargo is stored aft of the main cabin.
   • The plane's tail section is located aft.

   ruК кормеeshacia la popafrVers l'arrière (d'un navire ou d'un aéronef)deZum HeckptÀ popazh向船尾arنحو المؤخرة

   Synonymes: abaftasternrearward

   Antonymes: fore

2. At or near the rear B2 formal

   Located at or near the stern of a ship or the tail of an aircraft.

   • The lifeboats are positioned aft on the deck.
   • The engine room is situated aft of the galley.
   • The passengers gathered aft to watch the sunset.

   ruВ кормовой частиeshacia popafrà l'arrière (d'un navire ou d'un aéronef)deIm hinteren TeilptÀ popazh在船尾arفي مؤخرة السفينة أو الطائرة

   Synonymes: abaftasternbackwardbehindrearward

   Antonymes: foreforward

• after comparative form
• aftmost superlative form

An adverb meaning 'later in time' or 'subsequently.' It is used to indicate that something happens following a particular event or point in time. Also functions as a preposition and conjunction.

ruНаречие, означающее 'позже по времени' или 'впоследствии'. Используется для указания на то, что что-то происходит после определённого события или момента времени. Также функционирует как предлог и союз.esAdverbio que significa 'más tarde en el tiempo' o 'posteriormente'. Se usa para indicar que algo ocurre después de un evento o momento determinado. También funciona como preposición y conjunción.frAdverbe signifiant 'plus tard dans le temps' ou 'par la suite'. Il indique qu'une chose se produit après un événement ou un moment donné. Fonctionne également comme préposition et conjonction.deAdverb, das 'später in der Zeit' oder 'danach' bedeutet und angibt, dass etwas nach einem bestimmten Ereignis oder Zeitpunkt geschieht. Es fungiert auch als Präposition und Konjunktion.ptAdvérbio que significa 'mais tarde no tempo' ou 'posteriormente'. Indica que algo acontece depois de um determinado evento ou momento; também funciona como preposição e conjunção.zh副词，表示“在时间上较晚”或“随后”。用于说明某事发生在某个事件或时间点之后。也可作介词和连词使用。arظرف زمان يعني 'لاحقًا' أو 'فيما بعد'، ويُستعمل للإشارة إلى وقوع شيء بعد حدث أو لحظة معينة. كما يؤدي وظيفة حرف الجر وحرف العطف.

1. Later in time A1 formal

   At a time that is later than a specified event or point in time.

   • We went to the cinema and had dinner after.
   • He arrived shortly after.
   • She called me a few minutes after.

   ruПозжеesDespués, más tardefrPlus tard dans le tempsdeSpäterptDepoiszh之后arبعد

   Synonymes: afterwardafterwardslater onnextsubsequentlythenthereafter

   Antonymes: before

2. Behind in position A2 formal

   Located behind or in the rear of something.

   • The dog ran after the car.
   • He looked after the children.
   • The house is situated after the bridge.

   ruПозадиesDetrás, en posición posteriorfrDerrière (position)deHinterptAtrászh在后面arخلف

   Synonymes: behindfollowing

   Antonymes: aheadbefore

3. Farther aft B2 formal

   Located closer to the rear of a ship or aircraft.

   • The captain's quarters are located after the main deck.
   • The cargo hold is situated after the passenger cabin.
   • The engine room is farther after than the galley.

   ruКормовойeshacia la popafrvers l'arrière (d'un navire ou aéronef)deachternptA rézh靠后的arخلفي

   Synonymes: abaftaftasternrearward

   Antonymes: beforeforward

• more after comparative form
• most after superlative form

A subordinating conjunction used to introduce a dependent clause indicating that the action or event in the main clause occurs subsequent to, or following in time, the action or event described in the subordinate clause. 'After' establishes a clear temporal sequence and is one of the most fundamental time-linking words in English. It can also imply causal or logical connection when the temporal order suggests dependency. The conjunction is universally used across all registers, from casual speech to formal writing, and is typically acquired at the earliest stages of language learning. Unlike coordinating conjunctions, 'after' introduces adverbial clauses of time and does not require comma punctuation when the subordinate clause follows the main clause, though a comma is standard when the 'after'-clause precedes the main clause.

ruПодчинительный союз, вводящий придаточное времени; указывает, что действие главного предложения происходит после события, описанного в придаточномesConjunción subordinante que introduce una oración temporal; indica que la acción de la oración principal ocurre después del evento descrito en la subordinada.frConjonction de subordination introduisant une proposition de temps ; indique que l'action de la proposition principale se produit après l'événement décrit dans la subordonnée.deUnterordnende Konjunktion, die einen temporalen Nebensatz einleitet; sie gibt an, dass das Geschehen des Hauptsatzes nach dem im Nebensatz beschriebenen Ereignis stattfindet.ptConjunção subordinativa que introduz uma oração adverbial temporal, indicando que a ação da oração principal ocorre depois do evento expresso na oração subordinada. Também pode indicar sequência ou sucessão de eventos.zh从属连词，引导时间状语从句，表示主句动作发生在从句所述事件之后。也可表示“在……之后”或“接着”。arحرف ربط يربط جملة بجملة أخرى ويشير إلى أن حدث الجملة الرئيسية يقع بعد الحدث المذكور في الجملة التابعة. يفيد التعقيب والترتيب الزمني.

1. Introducing a temporal sequence: event B follows event A A1 informal

   Used to introduce a subordinate clause that specifies a point in time prior to which the action of the main clause occurs. The conjunction 'after' establishes a clear chronological order: the event in the 'after'-clause happens first, and the event in the main clause happens subsequently. This is the primary and most frequent function of 'after' as a conjunction. The tense relationship between clauses typically follows standard sequence-of-tenses rules: past simple in both clauses for completed past events, present simple in the 'after'-clause with future reference in the main clause, etc. Punctuation requires a comma when the 'after'-clause precedes the main clause, but no comma is needed when the main clause comes first.

   • After she finished her presentation, the audience applauded enthusiastically.
   • We can go for a walk after the rain stops.
   • He felt much better after he had taken the medication.
   • After they signed the contract, both parties celebrated the successful negotiation.
   • I'll call you after I arrive at the hotel.

   ruВведение временной последовательности: событие Б следует за событием Аesdespués de quefraprès quedeEinführung einer zeitlichen Abfolge: Ereignis B folgt auf Ereignis AptIntrodução de sequência temporal: evento B segue evento Azh表示时间先后顺序：事件B发生在事件A之后arإدخال تسلسل زمني: الحدث ب يقع بعد الحدث أ

2. Expressing causal or logical connection through temporal order B1 informal

   Used to introduce a clause where the temporal sequence implied by 'after' also suggests a causal, conditional, or logical relationship between the two events. In this usage, the fact that event B occurs after event A is not merely chronological but implies that A enables, triggers, or provides the context for B. This pragmatic extension is common in narrative, explanatory, and argumentative discourse, where temporal markers carry inferential weight. The conjunction remains grammatically temporal, but the semantic interpretation includes causation, consequence, or dependency.

   • After the company implemented the new security protocol, data breaches decreased by 80%.
   • She became more confident after she received positive feedback from her mentor.
   • After the government raised interest rates, consumer spending slowed significantly.
   • He decided to change careers after he realized his current job no longer fulfilled him.
   • After the team reviewed the test results, they identified the root cause of the failure.

   ruВыражение причинно-следственной или логической связи через временной порядокesTras (con valor causal/lógico)fraprès (avec valeur causale ou logique)deAusdruck kausaler oder logischer Verbindung durch zeitliche AbfolgeptExpressão de conexão causal ou lógica por meio da ordem temporalzh通过时间顺序表达因果或逻辑关系arالتعبير عن العلاقة السببية أو المنطقية من خلال الترتيب الزمني

3. Marking repeated or habitual temporal reference A2 informal

   Used to introduce a clause describing a recurring event or habitual action, where the main clause expresses what typically or invariably happens subsequent to that recurring trigger. This usage is common in descriptions of routines, procedures, natural cycles, or general truths. The present simple tense is typically used in both clauses to indicate habitual or timeless reference. The conjunction 'after' in this function emphasizes the reliable, predictable sequence of events rather than a single instance.

   • After the sun sets, the temperature drops rapidly in the desert.
   • She always takes a short walk after she finishes her morning coffee.
   • After the system updates, it automatically restarts to apply the changes.
   • He checks his email after he arrives at the office every day.
   • After winter ends, migratory birds return to their breeding grounds.

   ruОбозначение повторяющейся или привычной временной ссылкиesdespués de (referencia habitual)fraprès que (répétition/habitude)deBezeichnung wiederholter oder gewohnheitsmäßiger ZeitreferenzptMarcação de referência temporal repetida ou habitualzh表示反复或习惯性的时间参照arالدلالة على الإشارة الزمنية المتكررة أو المعتادة

The preposition 'after' is used to indicate a later point in time or order, following something or someone, pursuit or search, and various figurative meanings like succession, imitation, or desire. It often answers 'when?' or 'in what sequence?'.

ruПредлог, указывающий на следование во времени или порядке, позже чего-либо, вслед за кем-то или чем-то.esPreposición que indica posterioridad en el tiempo o en el orden, es decir, más tarde que algo o alguien, o detrás de algo en una secuencia.frPréposition indiquant une succession dans le temps ou dans l'ordre, plus tard que quelque chose, à la suite de quelqu'un ou de quelque chose.dePräposition, die angibt, dass etwas zeitlich oder in der Reihenfolge später kommt; hinter jemandem oder etwas; hinterher, als Nächstes; auch im Sinne von 'auf der Suche nach' oder 'nach etwas strebend'.ptPreposição que indica sucessão no tempo ou na ordem, algo que acontece mais tarde ou em seguida a outra coisa, ou posição atrás de alguém ou algo.zh介词，表示在时间或顺序上晚于某事物，跟在某人或某事物之后。也可表示追赶、追求。arحرف جر يدل على التالي أو اللاحق في الزمان أو الترتيب، أي وقوع شيء بعد شيء آخر أو في أثره. ويُستعمل أيضًا بمعنى البحث عن شيء أو طلبه.

1. After (later in time) A1 formal

   Used to indicate that something happens at a later time than something else; following an event or point in time.

   • We went for a walk after dinner.
   • She called me after the meeting.
   • After a few minutes, the rain stopped.
   • He arrived shortly after noon.
   • Days after the accident, she still felt pain.

   ruПосле (во времени)esdespués de (tiempo posterior)frAprès (plus tard dans le temps)deNach (zeitlich)ptDepois (no tempo)zh在……之后（时间上）arبعد (في الزمن)

2. After (in sequence or order) A1 formal

   Used to indicate that something comes next in a series or order; following something in a sequence.

   • The letter B comes after A.
   • Your name is listed after mine.
   • He finished after everyone else.
   • In the alphabet, P comes after O.
   • Spring comes after winter.

   ruПосле (в порядке или последовательности)esDespués de (en orden o secuencia)frAprès (dans une séquence ou un ordre)deNach (in Reihenfolge oder Abfolge)ptDepois (em ordem ou sequência)zh之后（顺序或次序）arبَعْدَ (في الترتيب أو التتابع)

3. After (behind in position) A2 formal

   Used to indicate that someone or something moves or is located behind another person or object.

   • Close the door after you leave.
   • He ran after the bus but missed it.
   • The dog ran after the cat.
   • She shut the gate after herself.
   • I saw a man walking after the procession.

   ruЗа / позади (в пространстве)esDetrás defraprès (position derrière)deHinter / hinterher (räumlich)ptAtrás / Atrás de (posição)zh在……后面（空间位置）arخلف / وراء (في المكان)

4. After (in search of or trying to get) B1 formal

   Used to indicate pursuit, search, or desire to catch, find, or obtain something.

   • The police are after the thief.
   • He is always after money and power.
   • She ran after her dreams.
   • I am after a new job at the moment.
   • The cat is after the mouse again.

   ruВ поисках / в погоне заesen busca de, trasfrà la poursuite de, en quête dedeHinterher / auf der Suche nachptEm busca de / atrás dezh追寻 / 追求arبحثًا عن / سعيًا وراء

5. After (because of or as a result of) B2 formal

   Used to indicate that something happens as a result or consequence of something else, often in fixed phrases.

   • After what he did, I can never trust him again.
   • After your behavior, you should apologize.
   • After the way she treated me, I left.
   • After everything we've been through, this is easy.
   • After hearing the news, she burst into tears.

   ruПосле / из-за (как результат)esDespués de (a causa de)fraprès (conséquence)deInfolge / als Folge vonptDepois de / por causa de (como resultado)zh由于 / 鉴于（作为结果）arبسبب / نتيجةً لـ

6. After (in spite of or despite — usually with 'all') B2 formal

   Used with 'all' to mean 'despite' or 'even though something happened'.

   • After all my work, I still failed.
   • After all that trouble, he didn't even show up.
   • After everything, she forgave him.
   • After all my advice, he did the opposite.
   • After all his promises, he let us down.

   ruНесмотря на / вопреки (с 'all')esdespués de todofraprès toutdeTrotz / ungeachtet (mit 'all')ptApesar de / mesmo assim (com 'all')zh尽管 / 虽然（与'all'连用）arعلى الرغم من / بالرغم من (مع all)

7. After (in the style of or imitating) B2 formal art

   Used to indicate that something is named or patterned after someone or something else.

   • He was named after his grandfather.
   • This painting is after Rembrandt.
   • She styled her hair after a famous actress.
   • The building was modeled after a Greek temple.
   • The cocktail is named after the city it was invented in.

   ruВ честь / по образцу / в подражаниеessegún / al estilo defrà la manière dedenach / im Stil vonptEm homenagem a / segundo o modelo de / à imitação dezh以…命名 / 仿照… / 效仿arعلى اسم / على غرار / تقليدًا لـ