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A preposition indicating agency or means of action, proximity or location beside something, a deadline or time limit, method of transport or communication, measurement of difference, or authorship and creation.

ruПредлог, выражающий исполнителя действия, способ выполнения, близость к объекту, предельный срок, средство передвижения или связи, величину разницы или авторствоesPreposición que expresa el agente de una acción, el modo o medio, la proximidad a algo, una fecha límite, el medio de transporte o comunicación, la magnitud de una diferencia o la autoría de una obra.frPréposition indiquant l'agent d'une action, le moyen ou la manière, la proximité, un délai, un lieu, une différence ou l'auteur d'une œuvre.dePräposition, die den Urheber oder Handelnden, das Mittel oder die Art und Weise, die Nähe zu etwas, einen Zeitpunkt oder eine Frist, ein Verkehrs- oder Kommunikationsmittel sowie einen Unterschiedsbetrag ausdrückt.ptPreposição que indica o agente da ação, o meio ou modo de execução, proximidade de um lugar ou objeto, prazo limite, meio de transporte ou comunicação, diferença de quantidade ou autoria.zh介词，表示动作的执行者、方式或手段、靠近某物、最晚期限、交通工具或通讯方式、数量差额或作者。arحرف جر يدل على الفاعل في المبني للمجهول، ووسيلة الفعل أو طريقته، والقرب أو المجاورة، والموعد النهائي، ووسيلة النقل أو الاتصال، ومقدار الفرق، والأصالة أو التأليف.

1. Agency or means of an action A2 formal

   Used to indicate the person, thing, or force that performs an action, or the method, instrument, or process by which something is done or achieved.

   • The book was written by Tolstoy.
   • The room was lit by candlelight.
   • She traveled by train.
   • You can pay by credit card.

   ruКем-то, посредством, с помощьюesAgente o medio de una acciónfrAgent ou moyen d'une actiondeUrheber oder Mittel einer HandlungptPor, por meio de, através dezh由、通过、借助arبواسطة، عن طريق، بوساطة

2. Proximity or position next to something A2 formal

   Indicates that someone or something is located near, beside, or at the side of a place, object, or person.

   • She sat by the window.
   • There's a café by the station.
   • He stood by the door waiting.
   • We live by the sea.

   ruВозле, у, рядом с, околоesCerca de / Al lado defrProximité ou position à côtédeNähe, neben, beiptPerto de, ao lado dezh在……旁边，靠近arقرب، بجانب، عند

3. Deadline or latest time for something A2 formal

   Used to indicate the latest time or date by which an action must be completed or an event must occur; not later than.

   • Please submit the report by Friday.
   • We need to leave by 6 o'clock.
   • The project must be finished by next month.
   • Reply by email by the end of the day.

   ruК, не позднее, доesfecha límitefrAvant une échéancedeBis, spätestensptAté, não depois dezh在……之前，不迟于arحتى، في موعد لا يتجاوز

4. Method of transport or communication A1 formal

   Used to specify the vehicle, system, or medium used for traveling, sending, or transmitting something.

   • We went by car.
   • Send the document by post.
   • She contacted me by phone.
   • They traveled by plane.

   ruНа, посредством, черезesMedio de transporte o comunicaciónfrMoyen de transport ou de communicationdeMittel, Transportmittel, KommunikationsmittelptPor, de, através dezh乘、坐、通过arالباء، بواسطة، عن طريق

5. Measurement of difference or rate B1 formal business

   Used to indicate the amount of change, difference, or margin between two values, or to express a rate, unit, or standard of measurement.

   • Prices increased by 10 percent.
   • She won by a narrow margin.
   • Rent is charged by the square meter.
   • The temperature dropped by five degrees.

   ruНа, в размере, с разницейesPor (diferencia o tasa)frMesure d'écart, de taux ou de différencedeUm, in Höhe von, mit einer DifferenzptMedida de diferença ou taxazh按，以，相差arمقدار الفرق أو المعدل

6. Authorship, creation, or origin B1 formal art

   Used to attribute a work, invention, artwork, or creation to the person or entity responsible for producing it.

   • A painting by Van Gogh.
   • A song by The Beatles.
   • This theory was developed by Einstein.
   • The building was designed by a famous architect.

   ruРабота кого-то, авторства, создано кем-тоesAutoría, creación u origenfrAuteur, création ou originedeVon jemandem, Urheberschaft, geschaffen vonptAutoria, criação ou origemzh由……创作，某人所作arمن عمل أو إنشاء أو تأليف شخص ما