until

Until is a subordinating conjunction used to indicate that an action or state continues up to a specific point in time, after which it stops or changes. It connects a main clause with a dependent clause showing the endpoint of duration or the moment when something happens. It often expresses waiting, continuation, or a limit in time.

zhUntil 是一个从属连词，表示某个动作或状态一直持续到某一时刻为止，之后便停止或发生变化；也可表示“在……之前”或“直到……才”。ruUntil — подчинительный союз, который указывает, что действие или состояние продолжается до определённого момента времени, после которого оно прекращается или меняется.esUntil — conjunción subordinante que indica que una acción o estado continúa hasta un momento determinado en el tiempo, después del cual cesa o cambia.frJusqu'à ce que — conjonction de subordination indiquant qu'une action ou un état se poursuit jusqu'à un moment précis, après lequel il cesse ou change.de„Until“ ist eine unterordnende Konjunktion, die angibt, dass eine Handlung oder ein Zustand bis zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt andauert und danach endet oder sich ändert.ptAté — conjunção subordinativa que indica que uma ação ou estado continua até certo momento, depois do qual cessa ou muda; também pode introduzir a condição a partir da qual algo só acontece ou se torna verdade.arحرف مصدري وناسخ يفيد انتهاء غاية أو استمرار فعل أو حالة إلى حين وقوع أمر آخر، ويُستعمل أيضًا بمعنى «إلى أن» في الزمن أو المكان أو الدرجة.

1. Until as a subordinating conjunction of time (continuation up to a point) A2 formal

   Used to show that the action in the main clause continues or is true only up to the time or event mentioned in the until-clause. After that point, the situation usually changes. The until-clause often comes after the main clause. Present tenses are commonly used in the until-clause even when referring to the future.

   • I will wait here until you finish your homework.
   • We stayed at the beach until the sun went down.
   • She won't leave the office until the report is completed.
   • They kept working until everyone was satisfied with the result.
   • Don't open the door until I tell you it's safe.

   zh时间从属连词（持续到某时）ruСоюз времени (продолжение до определённого момента)eshasta (que)frjusqu'à ce quedeTemporale Konjunktion (Fortdauer bis zu einem Zeitpunkt)ptConjunção temporal (continuação até certo momento)arحرف زمني للاستمرار حتى نقطة معينة

2. Until in negative constructions (not ... until = only after) B1 formal

   When used with a negative in the main clause, "not ... until" means that something does not happen before the time or event in the until-clause. It emphasizes that the action begins only after that point.

   • The train did not arrive until midnight.
   • I didn't realize the mistake until it was too late.
   • She won't start the meeting until all participants are present.
   • He could not sleep until he had finished reading the book.
   • We are not allowed to leave until the bell rings.

   zh否定结构中的“until”（not ... until = 只有……之后才）ruВ отрицательных конструкциях (не ... пока не = только после)eshasta que (en construcciones negativas)fremploi avec une négation (ne ... que)deIn verneinten Konstruktionen (nicht ... bis = erst nach)ptEm construções negativas (não ... até = só depois)arفي التراكيب المنفية (لا ... حتى = فقط بعد)

3. Until with future reference and other time expressions B1 formal

   Until is frequently used to talk about future events, often combined with present simple or present perfect in the subordinate clause. It can also appear in instructions, promises, or conditions related to time limits.

   • I can't go out until I have cleaned my room.
   • Please keep the noise down until the baby falls asleep.
   • The shop will be closed until further notice.
   • We will keep trying until we succeed.
   • Call me as soon as you arrive, but not until then.

   zh表示将来时间及其他时间表达中的“until”ruUntil с отсылкой к будущему и другими временными выражениямиeshasta (con referencia futura y expresiones temporales)frJusqu'à ce que / jusqu'à (temps futur)deUntil mit Zukunftsbezug und anderen ZeitangabenptUntil com referência ao futuro e outras expressões temporaisarحتى مع الإشارة إلى المستقبل وتعبيرات زمنية أخرى

The preposition 'until' indicates a temporal limit, marking the point in time up to which an action, event, or state continues, or before which something does not happen; it expresses duration with a defined endpoint or a condition that must be met first.

zh介词 until 表示时间上的界限，指某个动作、事件或状态持续到某一时刻为止，或指某事在某个时刻之前不发生；它表达有明确终点的持续时间，或必须先满足的条件。ruПредлог 'until' указывает на временной предел, отмечая момент времени, до которого продолжается действие, событие или состояние, или до которого что-то не происходит; он выражает продолжительность с определённой конечной точкой или условие, которое должно быть выполнено сначала.esLa preposición 'until' indica un límite temporal, marcando el momento hasta el cual continúa una acción, evento o estado, o antes del cual algo no ocurre; expresa duración con un punto final definido o una condición que debe cumplirse primero.frLa préposition 'until' marque une limite temporelle, indiquant le moment jusqu'auquel une action, un événement ou un état se poursuit, ou avant lequel quelque chose ne se produit pas ; elle exprime une durée avec un point final précis ou une condition à remplir d'abord.deDie Präposition 'until' bezeichnet einen zeitlichen Endpunkt, bis zu dem eine Handlung, ein Ereignis oder ein Zustand andauert oder bis zu dem etwas nicht geschieht; sie kann auch eine Bedingung ausdrücken, die zuerst erfüllt sein muss.ptPreposição que indica o limite temporal de uma ação, evento ou estado, marcando o momento em que ele termina ou deixa de acontecer, ou até quando algo não ocorre. Também pode expressar um limite de tempo ou uma condição que precisa ser satisfeita antes de outra coisa.arحرف جر يدل على الحد الزمني الذي ينتهي عنده الفعل أو الحدث أو الحالة، أو الذي لا يقع الشيء قبله؛ ويعبر عن امتداد له نقطة نهاية محددة أو شرط يجب تحققه أولاً.

1. Time: Up to a specific point A1 formal

   Indicates that an action, event, or state continues up to a particular moment in time, then stops or changes

   • I worked until 6 PM
   • Wait here until I return
   • The shop is open until midnight

   zh直到ruдо, вплоть до, кesHasta (tiempo)frJusqu'à (temps)deZeit: bis zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunktptatéarحَتَّى

2. Temporal limit with negative constructions A2 formal

   Used in negative sentences to indicate that something does not happen before a specified time

   • He didn't arrive until late
   • She won't know the results until tomorrow
   • I hadn't seen her until last week

   zh直到……才ruне раньше чем, только к, лишь послеesLímite temporal con construcciones negativasfrLimite temporelle avec constructions négativesdenicht vor, erst nachptsó depois de, não antes dearحتى

3. Duration with endpoint A2 formal

   Emphasizes the continuous nature of an action or state that persists up to a defined concluding moment

   • They danced until dawn
   • He stayed in bed until noon
   • We talked until we fell asleep

   zh直到，持续到ruдо, на протяжении до, вплоть доesHasta (duración con punto final)frDurée avec point finaldeDauer bis zum EndpunktptDuração com momento finalarحتى

4. Conditional temporal marker B1 formal business

   Indicates that a situation will persist or a decision will be delayed until a certain condition is fulfilled

   • Nothing can be done until the report is finished
   • We cannot proceed until everyone agrees
   • The project is on hold until funding is secured

   zh直到……才，除非……ruпока не, до тех пор пока не, лишь когдаeshasta quefrjusqu'à ce que (condition temporelle)debis, solange nichtptaté que, enquanto nãoarحتى، إلى أن

5. Formal/literary: Final limit or culmination B2 formal art

   Used in formal or literary contexts to emphasize the ultimate point or culmination of a process, often with emotional or dramatic weight

   • He waited until the very end
   • She remained loyal until her last breath
   • The mystery remained unsolved until the final chapter

   zh直到最后，直至顶点ruдо самого, вплоть до самого, до последнегоesHasta (culminación literaria)frJusqu'à (limite finale ou aboutissement)debis zum Äußersten, bis zum letztenptaté o fim, até o limitearحتى المنتهى، إلى الغاية القصوى