per

The preposition 'per' indicates rate, ratio, or distribution (for each); it expresses conformity with rules, instructions, or agreements ('according to'), denotes means or method ('by way of'), and appears in fixed Latin-derived expressions to specify units, standards, or formal references.

• 🇩🇪Die Präposition 'per' bezeichnet eine Norm, ein Verhältnis oder eine Verteilung (je, pro); sie drückt Übereinstimmung mit Regeln, Anweisungen oder Vereinbarungen aus ('gemäß', 'laut'), gibt ein Mittel oder eine Methode an ('mittels', 'durch') und kommt in festen lateinischen Wendungen zur Angabe von Einheiten, Standards oder formellen Verweisen vor.

1. Rate, ratio, or distribution (for each) B1 formal business

   Indicates a quantity, price, speed, or frequency relative to a single unit of measurement, person, or time period

   • The car consumes 6 liters per 100 km
   • Tickets cost $20 per person
   • She exercises three times per week

   🇩🇪je, pro, für je

2. According to / in accordance with B2 formal business

   Used to indicate that something is done in conformity with rules, instructions, agreements, or established procedures

   • Per your request, I've attached the report
   • The work was done per the contract
   • Per company policy, all emails are monitored

   🇩🇪gemäß, entsprechend, laut

3. By means of / through (formal/archaic) C1 formal business

   Indicates the method, channel, or medium by which something is transmitted, delivered, or accomplished

   • Please send the documents per courier
   • The message was transmitted per radio
   • Payment can be made per bank transfer

   🇩🇪vermittels, durch, über

4. In fixed Latin expressions (per se, per capita, per annum) C1 formal legal

   Appears in established Latin-derived phrases used in formal, academic, legal, or business contexts to express specific concepts

   • The idea is not flawed per se
   • Income per capita has risen
   • The interest rate is 5% per annum

   🇩🇪in festen lateinischen Wendungen

5. Allocation or apportionment B2 formal business

   Used to specify how resources, duties, or quantities are distributed or assigned among units, groups, or categories

   • Each team receives two laptops per department
   • The budget allocates $500 per project
   • Rules apply per household, not per person

   🇩🇪Verteilung, Zuteilung, je