spine

A noun referring to the central bony structure of the body, a sharp projection, or the back edge of a book cover.

ruСуществительное, обозначающее центральную костную структуру тела, острый выступ или задний край обложки книги.esSustantivo que designa la estructura ósea central del cuerpo humano o de los animales vertebrados, una protuberancia afilada o puntiaguda, o el lomo de un libro.frNom désignant la colonne vertébrale, un élément en forme d'aiguille ou une protubérance pointue, ainsi que le bord plié d'un livre où les pages sont reliées.deNomen, das die zentrale Knochenstruktur des Körpers, einen spitzen Fortsatz oder den hinteren Rand eines Buches bezeichnet.ptSubstantivo que designa a estrutura óssea central do corpo, uma projeção pontiaguda ou a lombada de um livro.zh指人体的脊柱或脊椎骨；也指物体上尖突的部分（如刺、棘），以及书籍封面的书脊。arاسم يشير إلى العمود الفقري، وهو البنية العظمية المركزية الداعمة لجسم الإنسان والفقاريات، كما يشير إلى النتوء الحاد أو الشوكة، وإلى حافة الكتاب الخلفية التي تُجمع فيها الصفحات.

1. Backbone B1 formal medical

   The series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord.

   • The doctor examined her spine for any signs of injury.
   • A healthy spine is crucial for good posture.
   • He suffered a fracture in his lower spine after the fall.

   ruПозвоночникesColumna vertebralfrColonne vertébraledeWirbelsäuleptColuna vertebralzh脊柱arالعمود الفقري

   Sinônimos: backbonerachisspinal columnvertebral column

2. Sharp projection B2 formal

   Any sharply pointed projection, such as on a plant or animal.

   • The cactus has sharp spines to protect itself.
   • The hedgehog curled up, exposing its spines.
   • The fish's dorsal spine can be venomous.

   ruШипesEspinafrÉpinedeStachelptEspinhozh刺arنُتوء حادّ

   Sinônimos: barbneedlepricklequillspikethorn

3. Book part B1 formal

   The part of a book's cover that encloses the inner side of the pages and faces outward when shelved.

   • The title was printed on the spine of the book.
   • The spine of the old novel was cracked from years of use.
   • She carefully removed the book by its spine.

   ruКорешокesLomo de un librofrDos d'un livredeBuchrückenptLombadazh书脊arكعب الكتاب

   Sinônimos: back

4. Courage or strength B2 informal

   Figurative use meaning courage, strength, or determination.

   • It takes spine to stand up for what you believe in.
   • He showed real spine in the face of adversity.
   • The team lacked the spine to finish the project.

   ruХарактерesValor, firmeza o determinaciónfrCourage, force moraledeRückgratptCoragemzh骨气arالشجاعة والقوة المعنوية

   Sinônimos: backbonedeterminationfortitudegritmettlenervepluckresolve

   Antônimos: cowardicefearfulnessspinelessnesstimidityweakness

• spines plural form
• spines' possessive plural form
• spine's possessive singular form