spine

• اسم يشير إلى العمود الفقري، وهو البنية العظمية المركزية الداعمة لجسم الإنسان والفقاريات، كما يشير إلى النتوء الحاد أو الشوكة، وإلى حافة الكتاب الخلفية التي تُجمع فيها الصفحات.

A noun referring to the central bony structure of the body, a sharp projection, or the back edge of a book cover.

1. BackboneB1formalmedical

   The series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord.

   العمود الفقري

   • The doctor examined her spine for any signs of injury.
   • A healthy spine is crucial for good posture.
   • He suffered a fracture in his lower spine after the fall.

   المرادفاتbackbonerachisspinal columnvertebral column

2. Sharp projectionB2formal

   Any sharply pointed projection, such as on a plant or animal.

   نُتوء حادّ

   • The cactus has sharp spines to protect itself.
   • The hedgehog curled up, exposing its spines.
   • The fish's dorsal spine can be venomous.

   المرادفاتbarbneedlepricklequillspikethorn

3. Book partB1formal

   The part of a book's cover that encloses the inner side of the pages and faces outward when shelved.

   كعب الكتاب

   • The title was printed on the spine of the book.
   • The spine of the old novel was cracked from years of use.
   • She carefully removed the book by its spine.

   المرادفاتback

4. Courage or strengthB2informal

   Figurative use meaning courage, strength, or determination.

   الشجاعة والقوة المعنوية

   • It takes spine to stand up for what you believe in.
   • He showed real spine in the face of adversity.
   • The team lacked the spine to finish the project.

   المرادفاتbackbonedeterminationfortitudegritmettlenervepluckresolve

   الأضدادcowardicefearfulnessspinelessnesstimidityweakness