substratum

• 名词，指下层或基础，可指生物学中生物附着生长的底层、地质学中位于另一层之下的地层，或语言学中影响外来语言的本地语言（底层语言）。

A noun referring to an underlying layer or foundation, whether in biology (a surface for organism attachment), geology (a stratum beneath another), or linguistics (a native language influencing an invading language).

1. Biological surfaceC1formalscientific

   A layer or surface upon which an organism lives, grows, or is attached.

   基质

   • The fungus grows on a moist substratum of decaying wood.
   • Algae attach themselves to a rocky substratum in the ocean.
   • The biologist studied the substratum where the coral polyps were anchored.

   同义词substrate

2. Underlying layerC1formalscientific

   A stratum or layer that lies beneath another, often in geology or soil science.

   下伏层

   • The builders discovered a solid rock substratum beneath the clay.
   • Geologists analyzed the substratum to understand the region's history.
   • The soil's substratum affects how water drains through the ground.

   同义词basebedrockfoundationsubsoilsubstrate

3. Linguistic influenceC2formal

   An indigenous language that influences the language of an invading or dominant group, often leaving traces in vocabulary or grammar.

   语言底层

   • The Celtic substratum influenced the development of English in some regions.
   • Linguists study the substratum to understand how languages evolve after conquest.
   • The local dialect shows features from a native substratum language.

   同义词substrate

   反义词superstratum