substrate

• 指作为基础或支撑的物体、表面或物质，可表示酶作用的底物、生物生长的基质、下层材料或底层，也可指影响外来语言的语言底层。

A noun referring to a substance or surface that underlies or serves as a foundation for a process, organism, or layer, including the material acted upon by an enzyme, a surface for growth, an underlying stratum, or a linguistic layer influencing an invading language.

1. Enzyme substrateC1formalscientific

   The specific substance upon which an enzyme acts in a biochemical reaction.

   酶底物

   • The enzyme binds to its substrate to catalyze the reaction.
   • Lactose is the substrate for the enzyme lactase.
   • The concentration of the substrate affects the rate of the reaction.

   同义词reactantsubstance

2. Growth surfaceB2formalscientific

   A surface or material on which an organism, such as a plant, fungus, or microbe, grows or is attached.

   基质

   • The moss grows on a rocky substrate.
   • Agar is used as a substrate for bacterial cultures.
   • The coral attaches itself to a hard substrate on the ocean floor.

   同义词basematrixmediumsubstratumsupport

3. Underlying layerC1formal

   A stratum or layer that lies underneath another, often in geology or materials science.

   底层

   • The geologist studied the substrate beneath the topsoil.
   • The paint was applied over a prepared substrate.
   • The substrate of the road must be stable to support the asphalt.

   同义词basebasementbedbedrockfloorfoundationsubstratum

   反义词overlayersuperstrate

4. Linguistic substrateC2formal

   An indigenous language that influences the language of an invading or dominant population, often leaving traces in vocabulary or grammar.

   语言底层

   • The Celtic languages acted as a substrate for English in some regions.
   • Linguists study the substrate effects in creole languages.
   • The substrate language contributed several place names to the dominant language.

   同义词substratum