civilization

• اسم يدل على مجتمع بشري معقد يتميز بتطور اجتماعي وثقافي وسياسي وتقني، وعلى الحالة الحضارية أو مستوى التقدم الذي بلغه such مجتمع.

A noun referring to a complex human society characterized by advanced social, cultural, political, and technological development.

1. Advanced societyB1formal

   A complex human society with developed culture, technology, government, and social structures.

   الحضارة

   • Ancient Egyptian civilization built the pyramids.
   • The Indus Valley civilization was one of the earliest urban societies.
   • Modern civilization relies heavily on technology and communication.

   المرادفاتcommunityculturenationpeoplesociety

   الأضدادbarbarismprimitivenesssavagery

2. Refinement of cultureB2formal

   The process of becoming more advanced, refined, or cultured.

   التحضر

   • The spread of writing was a key step in human civilization.
   • Art and philosophy are hallmarks of civilization.
   • The museum exhibits trace the development of Western civilization.

   المرادفاتadvancementcultivationcultureeducationenlightenmentpolishrefinementsophistication

   الأضدادbackwardnessbarbarismcrudenessprimitivenesssavagery