encrustation

• اسم يشير إلى تكوّن طبقة خارجية صلبة على سطح ما، أو إلى الطبقة نفسها، وكذلك إلى تغطية زخرفية تُضاف على شكل ترصيع أو تطبيق.

A noun referring to the formation of a hard outer layer on a surface, or the layer itself, which can also describe a decorative coating applied as an inlay or overlay.

1. Formation of a crustC1formal

   The process by which a hard, outer layer forms on a surface, often through natural accumulation or chemical reaction.

   تكوّن القشرة

   • The encrustation of minerals on the rocks took thousands of years.
   • The pipes were blocked due to the encrustation of calcium deposits.
   • Geologists study the encrustation of sediments on ancient artifacts.

   المرادفاتincrustation

   الأضدادcorrosiondissolutionerosionwearing

2. Hard outer layerC1formal

   A hard, solid covering that forms on the outside of an object, often as a result of natural processes.

   قشرة صلبة

   • The encrustation on the old shipwreck was composed of salt and barnacles.
   • The dentist removed the encrustation of plaque from the patient's teeth.
   • The encrustation of ice on the wings caused the plane to be delayed.

   المرادفاتcoatingcrustdepositincrustationrindscaleshell

3. Decorative coatingC2formal

   A decorative layer of contrasting material applied to a surface as an inlay or overlay, often for artistic effect.

   تَكْسِيَة زُخْرُفِيَّة

   • The jewelry box was adorned with an encrustation of gold and precious stones.
   • The artist used an encrustation of mother-of-pearl to decorate the vase.
   • The ancient throne featured an encrustation of intricate mosaic patterns.

   المرادفاتcoatingcoveringinlayoverlayplatingveneer