longitudinal

• يشير إلى الطول أو المحور الطولي للشيء؛ ويُستعمل في البحوث لوصف الدراسات التي تتابع الظواهر أو الأفراد على مدى فترة زمنية ممتدة.

Relating to length or the long axis of something; also used in research to describe studies that follow subjects over a period of time.

1. Relating to longitudeB2formal

   Pertaining to lines of longitude on the Earth's surface, running from north to south.

   متعلق بخطوط الطول

   • The longitudinal coordinates of the city are 2° East.
   • Longitudinal lines are used in navigation and mapping.
   • The map shows both latitudinal and longitudinal lines.

   المرادفاتmeridional

2. Running lengthwiseB2formal

   Extending in the direction of the length of an object, rather than across it.

   طُولِيّ

   • The longitudinal fibers in the muscle allow for stretching.
   • The car's longitudinal engine is mounted parallel to the chassis.
   • A longitudinal cut through the tree trunk reveals its rings.

   المرادفاتlengthwayslengthwiselongways

   الأضدادcrosscrosswiselateraltransverse

3. Over an extended timeC1formal

   Relating to a study or observation conducted over a long period of time.

   طولي (زمني)

   • The researchers conducted a longitudinal study on child development.
   • Longitudinal data helps track changes in health over decades.
   • A longitudinal analysis of the economy shows long-term trends.

   المرادفاتcontinuingdiachroniclong-termprospective

   الأضدادcross-sectional