longitudinal

• Относящийся к длине или продольной оси чего-либо; также используется в исследованиях для описания наблюдений за объектами в течение длительного времени.

Relating to length or the long axis of something; also used in research to describe studies that follow subjects over a period of time.

1. Relating to longitudeB2formal

   Pertaining to lines of longitude on the Earth's surface, running from north to south.

   Относящийся к долготе

   • The longitudinal coordinates of the city are 2° East.
   • Longitudinal lines are used in navigation and mapping.
   • The map shows both latitudinal and longitudinal lines.

   Synonymsmeridional

2. Running lengthwiseB2formal

   Extending in the direction of the length of an object, rather than across it.

   Продольный

   • The longitudinal fibers in the muscle allow for stretching.
   • The car's longitudinal engine is mounted parallel to the chassis.
   • A longitudinal cut through the tree trunk reveals its rings.

   Synonymslengthwayslengthwiselongways

   Antonymscrosscrosswiselateraltransverse

3. Over an extended timeC1formal

   Relating to a study or observation conducted over a long period of time.

   Продольный (во времени)

   • The researchers conducted a longitudinal study on child development.
   • Longitudinal data helps track changes in health over decades.
   • A longitudinal analysis of the economy shows long-term trends.

   Synonymscontinuingdiachroniclong-termprospective

   Antonymscross-sectional