longitudinal

• 指与长度或纵轴有关的；在研究中，也指对同一对象在较长时间内进行观察的。

Relating to length or the long axis of something; also used in research to describe studies that follow subjects over a period of time.

1. Relating to longitudeB2formal

   Pertaining to lines of longitude on the Earth's surface, running from north to south.

   经度的

   • The longitudinal coordinates of the city are 2° East.
   • Longitudinal lines are used in navigation and mapping.
   • The map shows both latitudinal and longitudinal lines.

   同义词meridional

2. Running lengthwiseB2formal

   Extending in the direction of the length of an object, rather than across it.

   纵向的

   • The longitudinal fibers in the muscle allow for stretching.
   • The car's longitudinal engine is mounted parallel to the chassis.
   • A longitudinal cut through the tree trunk reveals its rings.

   同义词lengthwayslengthwiselongways

   反义词crosscrosswiselateraltransverse

3. Over an extended timeC1formal

   Relating to a study or observation conducted over a long period of time.

   纵向（时间上的）

   • The researchers conducted a longitudinal study on child development.
   • Longitudinal data helps track changes in health over decades.
   • A longitudinal analysis of the economy shows long-term trends.

   同义词continuingdiachroniclong-termprospective

   反义词cross-sectional