substrate

• اسم يشير إلى مادة أو سطح يقع أساسًا أو قاعدة لعملية أو كائن حي أو طبقة، بما في ذلك المادة التي يؤثر عليها الإنزيم، أو سطح لنمو الكائنات، أو طبقة تحتيّة، أو طبقة لغوية تؤثر في لغة وافدة.

A noun referring to a substance or surface that underlies or serves as a foundation for a process, organism, or layer, including the material acted upon by an enzyme, a surface for growth, an underlying stratum, or a linguistic layer influencing an invading language.

1. Enzyme substrateC1formalscientific

   The specific substance upon which an enzyme acts in a biochemical reaction.

   ركيزة الإنزيم

   • The enzyme binds to its substrate to catalyze the reaction.
   • Lactose is the substrate for the enzyme lactase.
   • The concentration of the substrate affects the rate of the reaction.

   المرادفاتreactantsubstance

2. Growth surfaceB2formalscientific

   A surface or material on which an organism, such as a plant, fungus, or microbe, grows or is attached.

   وسط النمو

   • The moss grows on a rocky substrate.
   • Agar is used as a substrate for bacterial cultures.
   • The coral attaches itself to a hard substrate on the ocean floor.

   المرادفاتbasematrixmediumsubstratumsupport

3. Underlying layerC1formal

   A stratum or layer that lies underneath another, often in geology or materials science.

   الطبقة السفلى

   • The geologist studied the substrate beneath the topsoil.
   • The paint was applied over a prepared substrate.
   • The substrate of the road must be stable to support the asphalt.

   المرادفاتbasebasementbedbedrockfloorfoundationsubstratum

   الأضدادoverlayersuperstrate

4. Linguistic substrateC2formal

   An indigenous language that influences the language of an invading or dominant population, often leaving traces in vocabulary or grammar.

   الركيزة اللغوية

   • The Celtic languages acted as a substrate for English in some regions.
   • Linguists study the substrate effects in creole languages.
   • The substrate language contributed several place names to the dominant language.

   المرادفاتsubstratum