refinement

• Существительное, обозначающее процесс улучшения чего-либо путем внесения небольших изменений, или качество быть элегантным, отточенным или утонченным.

A noun referring to the process of improving something by making small changes, or the quality of being elegant, polished, or sophisticated.

1. Improvement or polishB2formal

   The process of making something more precise, effective, or elegant.

   Улучшение или доработка

   • The software underwent several refinements before release.
   • Her writing style shows great refinement over the years.
   • The design needs further refinement to meet the client's expectations.

   Synonymscultivationdelicacyeleganceenhancementfinenessimprovementpolishsophisticationsubtlety

   Antonymscoarsenesscrudenessroughness

2. Cultural sophisticationB2formal

   Elegance, good taste, and polite manners.

   Утончённость

   • He is a man of great refinement and culture.
   • The party was a display of social refinement.
   • Her speech reflected a level of refinement that impressed everyone.

   Synonymsbreedingcivilitycultivationcultureelegancefinessegentilitygracepolishsophisticationtasteurbanity

   Antonymsboorishnesscoarsenesscrudenessroughnessvulgarity

3. PurificationC1formalscientific

   The process of removing impurities or unwanted elements.

   Очистка

   • The refinement of crude oil produces gasoline and other products.
   • Sugar refinement involves several stages of filtration.
   • The laboratory specializes in the refinement of rare metals.

   Synonymsclarificationcleansingdistillationfiltrationpurification

   Antonymsadulterationcontaminationcorruptionimpuritypollution