retardation

• Существительное, обозначающее действие или процесс замедления, задержки или препятствования прогрессу или развитию, либо состояние задержки или сдерживания.

A noun referring to the act or process of slowing down, delaying, or hindering progress or development, or the state of being delayed or held back.

uncountable

1. Slowing of progressC1formalscientific

   A reduction in the speed of change or development.

   Замедление прогресса

   • The economic retardation was caused by the sudden crisis.
   • Scientists observed a retardation in the chemical reaction rate.
   • The project suffered retardation due to lack of funding.

   Synonymsdecelerationdelayhindrancehold upimpedimentobstructionsetbackslowdownslowing

   Antonymsaccelerationadvancementexpeditionprogressspeedup

2. Delay or hindranceC1formal

   The extent to which something is delayed or held back.

   Задержка или препятствие

   • The retardation of the train schedule caused widespread frustration.
   • There was a significant retardation in the delivery of supplies.
   • The retardation of the process was due to bureaucratic obstacles.

   Synonymsdecelerationdelayhindranceimpedimentlagobstructionsetbackslowdownslowing

   Antonymsaccelerationadvancementexpeditionfurtherancepromotionspeedup

3. Agent that slowsC1formalscientific

   Any substance or factor that slows down or hinders a process.

   Замедлитель

   • The chemical acts as a retardation agent in the reaction.
   • Certain drugs are used as growth retardations in plants.
   • The retardation of corrosion is achieved by applying a protective coating.

   Synonymsbrakecheckcurbdeterrenthindranceimpedimentinhibitorobstacleobstructionretardant

   Antonymscatalyststimulant

4. Intellectual development delayC1formalmedical

   A condition characterized by a lack of normal development of intellectual capacities.

   Задержка умственного развития

   • The child was diagnosed with mental retardation at an early age.
   • Special education programs support individuals with intellectual retardation.
   • The term 'mental retardation' is now often replaced by 'intellectual disability'.

   Synonymslearning disability

5. Act of slowing downC1formal

   The action of slowing down or falling behind.

   Замедление

   • The retardation of the vehicle was gradual as it approached the stop sign.
   • The athlete's retardation in the final lap cost him the race.
   • The retardation of economic growth is a concern for policymakers.

   Synonymsdecelerationdelaylagslowdownslowing

   Antonymsaccelerationadvancementexpeditionhurryrushspeedup