without

A preposition indicating the absence, lack, or exclusion of someone or something; used to show that something does not have, include, or involve a particular element, condition, instrument, or accompaniment.

• 🇵🇹Preposição que indica ausência, falta ou exclusão de alguém ou algo; usa-se para mostrar que algo não tem, não inclui ou não envolve determinado elemento, condição, instrumento ou acompanhamento.

1. Indicating absence or lack of something A1 formal

   Used to show that someone or something does not have or possess a particular thing, quality, or attribute.

   • I drink coffee without sugar.
   • She walked out without her coat.
   • It is a house without a garden.
   • He faced the problem without fear.

   🇵🇹Ausência ou falta de algo

2. Exclusion of a person or thing A2 formal

   Indicates that someone or something is not included in a group, activity, list, or situation.

   • Everyone was invited without exception.
   • They completed the project without him.
   • We can't proceed without your approval.
   • The list was published without names.

   🇵🇹Exclusão, não incluindo, exceto

3. Condition involving non-occurrence B1 formal

   Used to state a condition where something will happen or not happen if a particular factor is absent.

   • Without water, plants cannot survive.
   • Without your help, I would have failed.
   • Nothing can grow without sunlight.
   • Without money, travel is difficult.

   🇵🇹Sem, na ausência de

4. Action performed while not doing another A2 formal

   Used with a verb ending in -ing to indicate that an action is done while another action is omitted or not performed.

   • He left without saying goodbye.
   • She passed the test without studying.
   • They entered without knocking.
   • Don't speak without thinking.

   🇵🇹Sem fazer algo, sem que

5. Not using a tool or instrument B1 formal

   Indicates achieving a result or performing an action without the aid of a specific tool, method, or assistance.

   • Can you open this without a key?
   • She fixed it without any tools.
   • He solved the puzzle without help.
   • They built the shelter without modern equipment.

   🇵🇹Sem usar, sem ajuda de, sozinho

6. Outside the limits or scope (formal) C1 formal legal

   Used in formal contexts to indicate something is beyond the boundaries, jurisdiction, or range of something else.

   • That matter is without my jurisdiction.
   • The event took place without the city walls.
   • It is without doubt the best option.
   • Such behavior is without precedent.

   🇵🇹Fora dos limites, fora do âmbito