without

A preposition indicating the absence, lack, or exclusion of someone or something; used to show that something does not have, include, or involve a particular element, condition, instrument, or accompaniment.

zh表示没有、缺少或排除某人或某物的介词；用于说明某事物不具有、不包含或不涉及某个元素、条件、工具或伴随情况。ruПредлог, указывающий на отсутствие, недостаток или исключение кого-либо или чего-либо; используется, чтобы показать, что у чего-то нет, не включает или не вовлекает определённый элемент, условие, инструмент или сопровождениеesPreposición que indica ausencia, carencia o exclusión de alguien o algo; se usa para mostrar que algo no tiene, no incluye o no implica un elemento, condición, instrumento o acompañamiento determinado.frPréposition indiquant l'absence, le manque ou l'exclusion de quelqu'un ou de quelque chose ; utilisée pour montrer qu'une chose ne possède pas, n'inclut pas ou n'implique pas un élément, une condition, un outil ou un accompagnement donné.dePräposition, die das Fehlen, den Mangel oder den Ausschluss von jemandem oder etwas angibt; sie zeigt, dass etwas nicht vorhanden ist, ein bestimmtes Element, eine Bedingung, ein Werkzeug oder eine Begleitung nicht einschließt oder nicht beteiligt.ptPreposição que indica ausência, falta ou exclusão de alguém ou algo; usa-se para mostrar que algo não tem, não inclui ou não envolve determinado elemento, condição, instrumento ou acompanhamento.arحرف جر يفيد نفي المصاحبة أو وجود شيء مع غيره، ويدل على غياب شيء أو عدم وجوده أو عدم شمول شيء له أو استثنائه، ويستعمل للدلالة على عدم وجود عنصر أو شرط أو أداة أو مرافقة.

1. Indicating absence or lack of something A1 formal

   Used to show that someone or something does not have or possess a particular thing, quality, or attribute.

   • I drink coffee without sugar.
   • She walked out without her coat.
   • It is a house without a garden.
   • He faced the problem without fear.

   zh没有，缺乏ruОтсутствие, недостаток, не имеяesSin, carente de, privado defrsans (absence ou manque)deFehlen, Mangel, ohneptAusência ou falta de algoarغياب الشيء أو انعدامه

2. Exclusion of a person or thing A2 formal

   Indicates that someone or something is not included in a group, activity, list, or situation.

   • Everyone was invited without exception.
   • They completed the project without him.
   • We can't proceed without your approval.
   • The list was published without names.

   zh排除，不包括ruИсключение, не включая, помимоessin (exclusión)frExclusion d'une personne ou d'une chosedeAusschluss, nicht eingeschlossenptExclusão, não incluindo, excetoarالاستثناء والإخراج من المجموعة

3. Condition involving non-occurrence B1 formal

   Used to state a condition where something will happen or not happen if a particular factor is absent.

   • Without water, plants cannot survive.
   • Without your help, I would have failed.
   • Nothing can grow without sunlight.
   • Without money, travel is difficult.

   zh在没有……的情况下，如果缺少ruПри отсутствии, если нет, в случае отсутствияesCondición de no ocurrenciafrSans (condition de non-occurrence)deBei Fehlen, falls nicht, ohne dassptSem, na ausência dearفي حال عدم وجود، إذا لم يكن هناك

4. Action performed while not doing another A2 formal

   Used with a verb ending in -ing to indicate that an action is done while another action is omitted or not performed.

   • He left without saying goodbye.
   • She passed the test without studying.
   • They entered without knocking.
   • Don't speak without thinking.

   zh不做某事的同时ruНе делая чего-то, без того чтобыessin (haciendo algo)frsans (+ infinitif)deOhne etwas zu tun, ohne dassptSem fazer algo, sem quearبدون أن يفعل شيئًا

5. Not using a tool or instrument B1 formal

   Indicates achieving a result or performing an action without the aid of a specific tool, method, or assistance.

   • Can you open this without a key?
   • She fixed it without any tools.
   • He solved the puzzle without help.
   • They built the shelter without modern equipment.

   zh不用、不使用、独自ruБез использования, не применяя, самостоятельноessin usar herramienta o instrumentofrsans (utiliser un outil)deOhne Verwendung, ohne HilfeptSem usar, sem ajuda de, sozinhoarبدون استخدام أداة أو وسيلة

6. Outside the limits or scope (formal) C1 formal legal

   Used in formal contexts to indicate something is beyond the boundaries, jurisdiction, or range of something else.

   • That matter is without my jurisdiction.
   • The event took place without the city walls.
   • It is without doubt the best option.
   • Such behavior is without precedent.

   zh超出……范围，在……之外ruЗа пределами, вне, сверхesfuera de los límites o alcancefrhors dedeAußerhalb, außerhalb von, jenseitsptFora dos limites, fora do âmbitoarخارج نطاق، خارج حدود