without

A preposition indicating the absence, lack, or exclusion of someone or something; used to show that something does not have, include, or involve a particular element, condition, instrument, or accompaniment.

• 🇷🇺Предлог, указывающий на отсутствие, недостаток или исключение кого-либо или чего-либо; используется, чтобы показать, что у чего-то нет, не включает или не вовлекает определённый элемент, условие, инструмент или сопровождение

1. Indicating absence or lack of something A1 formal

   Used to show that someone or something does not have or possess a particular thing, quality, or attribute.

   • I drink coffee without sugar.
   • She walked out without her coat.
   • It is a house without a garden.
   • He faced the problem without fear.

   🇷🇺Отсутствие, недостаток, не имея

2. Exclusion of a person or thing A2 formal

   Indicates that someone or something is not included in a group, activity, list, or situation.

   • Everyone was invited without exception.
   • They completed the project without him.
   • We can't proceed without your approval.
   • The list was published without names.

   🇷🇺Исключение, не включая, помимо

3. Condition involving non-occurrence B1 formal

   Used to state a condition where something will happen or not happen if a particular factor is absent.

   • Without water, plants cannot survive.
   • Without your help, I would have failed.
   • Nothing can grow without sunlight.
   • Without money, travel is difficult.

   🇷🇺При отсутствии, если нет, в случае отсутствия

4. Action performed while not doing another A2 formal

   Used with a verb ending in -ing to indicate that an action is done while another action is omitted or not performed.

   • He left without saying goodbye.
   • She passed the test without studying.
   • They entered without knocking.
   • Don't speak without thinking.

   🇷🇺Не делая чего-то, без того чтобы

5. Not using a tool or instrument B1 formal

   Indicates achieving a result or performing an action without the aid of a specific tool, method, or assistance.

   • Can you open this without a key?
   • She fixed it without any tools.
   • He solved the puzzle without help.
   • They built the shelter without modern equipment.

   🇷🇺Без использования, не применяя, самостоятельно

6. Outside the limits or scope (formal) C1 formal legal

   Used in formal contexts to indicate something is beyond the boundaries, jurisdiction, or range of something else.

   • That matter is without my jurisdiction.
   • The event took place without the city walls.
   • It is without doubt the best option.
   • Such behavior is without precedent.

   🇷🇺За пределами, вне, сверх