topography

• 指地表的自然和人工物理特征的空间分布，也指对这些地表特征进行详细研究和测绘的学科。

A noun referring to the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area, or the detailed study and mapping of those surface features.

不可数

1. Surface features of an areaB2formal

   The arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area, including hills, valleys, rivers, and roads.

   地形

   • The topography of the region includes steep mountains and deep valleys.
   • Engineers studied the topography before building the new highway.
   • The map shows the topography of the entire island.

   同义词geographygroundlandscapeterrain

2. Detailed study of surface featuresC1formal

   The scientific or precise description and analysis of the surface features of a place or region.

   地形学

   • Topography is essential for understanding land use and drainage patterns.
   • The course covers the basics of topography and cartography.
   • She specializes in the topography of coastal areas.

   同义词cartographygeomorphologyphysiographysurveyingtopology