these

A demonstrative determiner used as the plural form of 'this' to refer to specific people or things that are close to the speaker in space, time, or thought.

• 🌐اسم إشارة يُستخدم للدلالة على جمع غير العاقل أو جمع العاقل على سبيل التنزيل، للقريب في المكان أو الزمان أو المنزلة.

1. Proximity in space or time (plural) A1 formal

   Used to identify specific people or things that are near the speaker in physical distance or in immediate time (present or very recent past). It is the plural counterpart of 'this'.

   • These books are very interesting.
   • I like these songs.
   • These days are busy.

   🌐القرب في المكان أو الزمان (جمع)

2. Introduction or identification (plural) A2 informal

   Used to introduce new topics, ideas, or people to the listener, or to identify a group of people formally.

   • These are my friends, John and Mary.
   • So, these are the plans for tomorrow.
   • Who are these people?

   🌐الإشارة إلى مجموعة أو تقديم موضوع جديد

3. Reference to something just mentioned (plural) B1 formal

   Used to refer back to ideas, statements, or situations that have just been mentioned or are currently being experienced.

   • I don't agree with these points.
   • These are exactly the issues we discussed.
   • Why did you bring these up?

   🌐إشارة إلى ما ذُكر للتو (جمع)