these

A demonstrative determiner used as the plural form of 'this' to refer to specific people or things that are close to the speaker in space, time, or thought.

deDemonstrativwort im Plural, das auf Personen oder Dinge hinweist, die sich in der Nähe des Sprechers befinden oder gerade erwähnt wurden.ruУказательное слово во множественном числе для обозначения предметов или лиц, находящихся близко к говорящемуesDeterminante demostrativo en plural que señala objetos o personas cercanas al hablante o mencionados previamente.frDéterminant démonstratif pluriel utilisé pour désigner des objets ou des personnes proches de celui qui parle.ptDeterminante demonstrativo plural usado para indicar coisas ou pessoas que estão próximas de quem fala.zh指示代词，用于指代距离说话人较近的复数的人或事物。arاسم إشارة يُستخدم للدلالة على جمع غير العاقل أو جمع العاقل على سبيل التنزيل، للقريب في المكان أو الزمان أو المنزلة.

1. Proximity in space or time (plural) A1 formal

   Used to identify specific people or things that are near the speaker in physical distance or in immediate time (present or very recent past). It is the plural counterpart of 'this'.

   • These books are very interesting.
   • I like these songs.
   • These days are busy.

   deNähe in Raum oder Zeit (Plural)ruБлизость в пространстве или времени (множественное число)esEstos/estas (proximidad física o temporal)frCes (proximité dans l'espace ou le temps)ptProximidade no espaço ou no tempo (plural)zh空间或时间上的近指（复数）arالقرب في المكان أو الزمان (جمع)

2. Introduction or identification (plural) A2 informal

   Used to introduce new topics, ideas, or people to the listener, or to identify a group of people formally.

   • These are my friends, John and Mary.
   • So, these are the plans for tomorrow.
   • Who are these people?

   deEinführung oder Identifikation (Plural)ruВведение или идентификация (множественное число)esPresentación o identificación pluralfrces (présentatif)ptIntrodução ou identificação (plural)zh介绍或指认（复数）arالإشارة إلى مجموعة أو تقديم موضوع جديد

3. Reference to something just mentioned (plural) B1 formal

   Used to refer back to ideas, statements, or situations that have just been mentioned or are currently being experienced.

   • I don't agree with these points.
   • These are exactly the issues we discussed.
   • Why did you bring these up?

   deVerweis auf soeben Erwähntes (Plural)ruСсылка на только что упомянутое (множественное число)esestos/estas (referencia a lo ya mencionado)frces (référant à ce qui vient d'être mentionné)ptReferência a algo recém-mencionado (plural)zh指代刚提到的事物（复数）arإشارة إلى ما ذُكر للتو (جمع)