these

• 指示代词，用于指代距离说话人较近的复数的人或事物。

A demonstrative determiner used as the plural form of 'this' to refer to specific people or things that are close to the speaker in space, time, or thought.

1. Proximity in space or time (plural)A1formal

   Used to identify specific people or things that are near the speaker in physical distance or in immediate time (present or very recent past). It is the plural counterpart of 'this'.

   空间或时间上的近指（复数）

   • These books are very interesting.
   • I like these songs.
   • These days are busy.

2. Introduction or identification (plural)A2informal

   Used to introduce new topics, ideas, or people to the listener, or to identify a group of people formally.

   介绍或指认（复数）

   • These are my friends, John and Mary.
   • So, these are the plans for tomorrow.
   • Who are these people?

3. Reference to something just mentioned (plural)B1formal

   Used to refer back to ideas, statements, or situations that have just been mentioned or are currently being experienced.

   指代刚提到的事物（复数）

   • I don't agree with these points.
   • These are exactly the issues we discussed.
   • Why did you bring these up?