these

• Déterminant démonstratif pluriel utilisé pour désigner des objets ou des personnes proches de celui qui parle.

A demonstrative determiner used as the plural form of 'this' to refer to specific people or things that are close to the speaker in space, time, or thought.

1. Proximity in space or time (plural)A1formal

   Used to identify specific people or things that are near the speaker in physical distance or in immediate time (present or very recent past). It is the plural counterpart of 'this'.

   Ces (proximité dans l'espace ou le temps)

   • These books are very interesting.
   • I like these songs.
   • These days are busy.

2. Introduction or identification (plural)A2informal

   Used to introduce new topics, ideas, or people to the listener, or to identify a group of people formally.

   ces (présentatif)

   • These are my friends, John and Mary.
   • So, these are the plans for tomorrow.
   • Who are these people?

3. Reference to something just mentioned (plural)B1formal

   Used to refer back to ideas, statements, or situations that have just been mentioned or are currently being experienced.

   ces (référant à ce qui vient d'être mentionné)

   • I don't agree with these points.
   • These are exactly the issues we discussed.
   • Why did you bring these up?