involuntary

• Beschreibt eine Handlung oder Reaktion, die ohne bewusste Kontrolle oder Absicht erfolgt, oft automatisch oder reflexartig.

Describes an action or reaction that is done without conscious control or intention.

1. Not done by choiceB2formal

   Done or happening without someone's conscious decision or will; not voluntary.

   Unwillkürlich

   • He gave an involuntary gasp of surprise.
   • Her involuntary reaction was to flinch.
   • The confession was deemed involuntary by the court.

   Synonymeautomaticcompulsoryforcedinstinctivereflexspontaneousunconsciousunintendedunintentionalunwitting

   Antonymechosenconsciousdeliberatefreeintentionaloptionalvoluntary

2. Automatic bodily functionB2formalmedical

   Relating to bodily processes that occur without conscious control, such as heartbeat or digestion.

   Unwillkürlich

   • Breathing is partly voluntary and partly involuntary.
   • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles.
   • Involuntary reflexes protect the body from harm.

   Synonymeautomaticinstinctivereflexspontaneousunconscious