involuntary

• يصف فعلًا أو رد فعل يحدث دون سيطرة واعية أو إرادة أو قصد، كالحركات اللاإرادية في الجسم أو الاستجابات التلقائية.

Describes an action or reaction that is done without conscious control or intention.

1. Not done by choiceB2formal

   Done or happening without someone's conscious decision or will; not voluntary.

   غير إرادي

   • He gave an involuntary gasp of surprise.
   • Her involuntary reaction was to flinch.
   • The confession was deemed involuntary by the court.

   المرادفاتautomaticcompulsoryforcedinstinctivereflexspontaneousunconsciousunintendedunintentionalunwitting

   الأضدادchosenconsciousdeliberatefreeintentionaloptionalvoluntary

2. Automatic bodily functionB2formalmedical

   Relating to bodily processes that occur without conscious control, such as heartbeat or digestion.

   لا إرادي

   • Breathing is partly voluntary and partly involuntary.
   • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles.
   • Involuntary reflexes protect the body from harm.

   المرادفاتautomaticinstinctivereflexspontaneousunconscious