gall

uncountable

A noun referring to bold, impudent, or rude behavior; also refers to bile produced by the liver, or a bitter substance.

ruСуществительное, обозначающее дерзкое, наглое или грубое поведение; также относится к желчи, вырабатываемой печенью, или горькому веществу.esSustantivo que denota un comportamiento descarado, insolente o grosero; también se refiere a la bilis producida por el hígado o a una sustancia amarga.frNom désignant un comportement effronté, insolent ou impudent ; désigne aussi la bile produite par le foie, ou une substance amère.deSubstantiv, das dreistes, freches oder unverschämtes Verhalten bezeichnet; bezeichnet außerdem die von der Leber produzierte Galle oder einen bitteren Stoff.ptSubstantivo que designa comportamento descarado, insolente ou grosseiro; também se refere à bile produzida pelo fígado ou a uma substância amarga.zh名词，指无耻、鲁莽或粗鲁的行为；也指肝脏分泌的胆汁，或任何苦味物质。arاسم يدل على الوقاحة أو الصفاقة أو السلوك الفظ؛ كما يشير إلى الصفراء التي يفرزها الكبد أو إلى مادة مرّة.

1. Boldness or impudence B2 informal

   Rude and disrespectful behavior; nerve.

   • He had the gall to ask for a raise after arriving late every day.
   • She had the gall to criticize my work without knowing the details.
   • I can't believe he had the gall to lie to my face.

   ruНаглостьesDescarofrimpudencedeFrechheitptOusadiazh厚颜无耻arوقاحة

   Synonyms: audacitybrasscheekchutzpaheffronteryimpudenceinsolencenervepresumptiontemerity

   Antonyms: courtesyhumilitymodestypolitenessrespecttimidity

2. Bitter liquid C1 formal medical

   A bitter fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aiding digestion.

   • The doctor examined the patient's gall for signs of infection.
   • Bile, also known as gall, helps break down fats in the small intestine.
   • An excess of gall can lead to digestive discomfort.

   ruЖелчьesbilisfrBiledeGalleptBilezh胆汁arالصفراء

   Synonyms: bilecholer

3. Plant growth C2 formal scientific

   An abnormal growth on plants, often caused by insects or fungi.

   • The oak tree had a large gall on its branch.
   • Galls are often used in traditional medicine.
   • The insect laid its eggs inside the plant, causing a gall to form.

   ruГаллesAguijón o cecidiafrGalledeGallapfelptGalhazh虫瘿arنمو غير طبيعي على النبات

• galls plural form
• galls' possessive plural form
• gall's possessive singular form

A verb used to express the act of causing irritation, annoyance, or resentment, or to describe the process of becoming sore or chafed.

ruГлагол, используемый для выражения действия, вызывающего раздражение, досаду или обиду, или для описания процесса воспаления или натирания.esVerbo que expresa la acción de causar irritación, molestia u ofensa, o bien el proceso de rozar o inflamar la piel.frVerbe utilisé pour exprimer l'action d'irriter, de contrarier ou d'offenser, ou pour décrire le processus d'inflammation ou d'écorchure par frottement.deVerb, das ausdrückt, dass jemanden etwas ärgert, kränkt oder ihm etwas zuwider ist; außerdem bezeichnet es das Wundreiben oder Entzünden der Haut durch Reibung.ptVerbo usado para descrever o ato de irritar, incomodar ou ofender alguém, ou o processo de inflamar ou esfolar uma parte do corpo por atrito.zh动词，表示使人烦恼、恼怒或感到受辱，也指皮肤被摩擦而破损发炎。arفعل يُستخدم للتعبير عن إغاظة شخص أو إثارة غضبه أو إيذائه نفسيًا، أو للدلالة على تهيّج الجلد أو تأكله أو التهاب موضع منه.

1. To irritate or annoy C1 formal

   To cause someone to feel annoyed, irritated, or resentful.

   • His constant complaining galled his coworkers.
   • It galled her to see him take credit for her work.
   • The unfair decision galled the entire team.

   ruРаздражатьesirritar, molestarfrirriter, agacerdeÄrgernptIrritarzh使恼怒arيُغِيظ

   Synonyms: angerannoychafeexasperatefretirritatenettlepiqueprovokeranklerilevex

   Antonyms: appeasecheercomfortconsoledelightgratifypacifyplacatepleasesoothe

• galled past participle
• galled past simple
• galling present participle
• galls third person singular