hardening

uncountable

A noun referring to the process or result of becoming hard or solid, such as the abnormal thickening of tissue, the solidification of a substance through cooling or drying, or the act of making something firmer or more compact.

ruСуществительное, обозначающее процесс или результат затвердевания или упрочнения, например, аномальное утолщение ткани, затвердевание вещества при охлаждении или высыхании, или действие по уплотнению или укреплению чего-либо.esSustantivo que denota el proceso o resultado de endurecerse o fortalecerse, como el engrosamiento anormal de un tejido, la solidificación de una sustancia al enfriarse o secarse, o la acción de compactar o reforzar algo.frNom désignant le processus ou le résultat du durcissement ou du renforcement, par exemple un épaississement anormal d'un tissu, la solidification d'une substance par refroidissement ou séchage, ou l'action de compacter ou de renforcer quelque chose.deSubstantiv, das den Vorgang oder das Ergebnis des Härtens, Festwerdens oder Verstärkens bezeichnet, z. B. das Erstarren eines Stoffes beim Abkühlen oder Trocknen, eine krankhafte Verhärtung von Gewebe oder die Handlung, etwas zu festigen oder widerstandsfähiger zu machen.ptSubstantivo que designa o processo ou resultado de endurecer ou tornar-se duro, como o engrossamento anormal de um tecido, o endurecimento de uma substância ao esfriar ou secar, ou a ação de tornar algo mais firme ou resistente.zh指使某物变硬或变坚固的过程或结果，如物质冷却或干燥后变硬、组织异常增厚变硬，也指加强或巩固某事物的行为。arاسم يدل على عملية أو نتيجة التصلب أو التقوية، مثل التصلب المرضي للأنسجة، أو تجمد المادة عند التبريد أو الجفاف، أو فعل الضغط والتقوية.

1. Abnormal tissue hardening C1 formal medical

   The abnormal thickening or hardening of body tissue, often due to disease or injury.

   • The patient was diagnosed with hardening of the arteries.
   • Hardening of the skin can be a symptom of certain autoimmune disorders.
   • Doctors monitored the hardening of the tissue after the surgery.

   ruАномальное уплотнение тканейesEndurecimiento patológico de tejidosfrDurcissement anormal des tissusdeAbnormale GewebsverhärtungptEndurecimento anormal de tecidoszh组织硬化arتصلب الأنسجة غير الطبيعي

   Synonyms: indurationsclerosis

   Antonyms: softening

2. Process of becoming solid B2 formal scientific

   The process by which a substance becomes hard or solid through cooling, drying, or crystallization.

   • The hardening of the concrete took several hours.
   • Crystallization leads to the hardening of the sugar solution.
   • The hardening of the clay in the kiln produces durable pottery.

   ruЗатвердеваниеesEndurecimientofrDurcissementdeErhärtungptEndurecimentozh硬化arالتصلب

   Synonyms: coagulationcuringsettingsolidification

   Antonyms: dissolutionliquefactionmeltingsoftening

3. Act of making firmer B2 formal

   The act of making something firmer, tighter, or more compact.

   • The hardening of the steel through tempering increases its strength.
   • Regular exercise contributes to the hardening of muscles.
   • The hardening of the soil after a drought made it difficult to dig.

   ruПроцесс упрочненияesendurecimientofrdurcissementdeVerfestigungptProcesso de endurecimentozh硬化过程arعملية التصليد

   Synonyms: compactionconsolidationsettingsolidificationstiffeningtempering

   Antonyms: looseningrelaxingsoftening

• hardenings plural form
• hardenings' possessive plural form
• hardening's possessive singular form

A verb used to indicate the process of becoming or making something hard, solid, or resistant, or of becoming less sympathetic or more severe.

ruГлагол, используемый для обозначения процесса становления или придания чему-либо твёрдости, прочности или устойчивости, а также для обозначения уменьшения сочувствия или усиления строгости.esVerbo que designa el proceso de volverse o hacer algo más duro, firme o resistente, así como la disminución de la compasión o el aumento de la severidad.frVerbe utilisé pour désigner le processus de devenir ou de rendre quelque chose dur, résistant ou stable, ainsi que pour indiquer une diminution de la sympathie ou un renforcement de la sévérité.deVerb, das den Prozess bezeichnet, fest, hart oder widerstandsfähig zu werden oder etwas so zu machen; auch im übertragenen Sinne für das Abnehmen von Mitgefühl oder das Strengerwerden.ptVerbo usado para indicar o processo de tornar-se ou tornar algo duro, firme ou resistente, e também para indicar o aumento da severidade ou a diminuição da compaixão.zh动词，表示使某物变硬、变坚固或更稳定，也指变得无情、严厉或更坚定。arفعل يُستخدم للدلالة على عملية becoming أو جعل شيء ما صلبًا أو متينًا أو مقاومًا، وكذلك للدلالة على قسوة القلب أو فقدان الرحمة أو زيادة الصرامة.

1. Become solid or firm B1 formal

   To become physically hard or solid, or to make something become hard.

   • The cement will harden within a few hours.
   • Allow the glue to harden before moving the pieces.
   • The lava hardened into rock as it cooled.

   ruЗатвердетьesEndurecerse, solidificarsefrDurcir, se solidifierdeHart werdenptEndurecerzh变硬arيتصلب

   Synonyms: cakeclotcongealfreezesetsolidifystiffenthicken

   Antonyms: dissolveliquefymeltsoften

2. Become tough or unfeeling B2 formal

   To become more severe, strict, or less sympathetic.

   • Years of disappointment hardened his heart.
   • The government hardened its stance on immigration.
   • She hardened herself against the criticism.

   ruОжесточитьсяesendurecerse (volverse insensible)frs'endurcirdeHart werdenptEndurecerzh变得冷酷arقسا قلبه

   Synonyms: callousdesensitizeindurateinuretoughen

   Antonyms: mellowrelentsoften

3. Strengthen or reinforce B2 formal

   To make something stronger or more resistant.

   • The company hardened its security protocols after the breach.
   • Regular exercise hardens the muscles.
   • They hardened the steel to make it more durable.

   ruУкрепитьesendurecer, reforzarfrDurcir, renforcerdeStärkenptFortificarzh加强arتقوية

   Synonyms: annealfortifyreinforcesolidifysteelstiffenstrengthentempertoughen

   Antonyms: debilitatesoftenundermineweaken

• hardened past participle
• hardened past simple
• hardening present participle
• hardens third person singular