perturbation

• 名词，指心理上的不安、焦虑或烦扰；也指物理系统因外部作用而产生的微小偏离、扰动；还可指活动中断或失常、慌乱紧张的状态，或引起混乱的行为。

A noun referring to a state of mental unease or worry, a slight deviation in a physical system caused by an external influence, an interruption or malfunction in activity, a confused or nervous disposition, or the act of causing disorder.

1. Mental distressC1formal

   A state of being anxious, worried, or mentally unsettled.

   不安

   • His perturbation was evident as he paced back and forth.
   • She tried to hide her perturbation, but her trembling hands gave her away.
   • The news caused great perturbation among the residents.

   同义词agitationanxietyconcerndisquietdistressnervousnesstroubleuneaseupsetworry

   反义词calmcomposurepeaceserenity

2. Physical deviationC2formal

   A small change in the regular motion or state of a physical system, often due to an external influence.

   摄动

   • The planet's orbit showed a slight perturbation caused by a nearby star.
   • In quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is used to approximate complex systems.
   • The gravitational perturbation from the moon affects the tides.

   同义词alterationdisruptiondisturbancefluctuationinterferencevariation

3. Disruption or malfunctionC1formal

   An activity that interrupts normal operation or causes a malfunction.

   干扰或故障

   • The power outage was a minor perturbation in the city's grid.
   • Any perturbation in the network could lead to data loss.
   • The system experienced a perturbation due to a software glitch.

   同义词breakdowndisruptiondisturbanceglitchinterferenceinterruptionmalfunction

4. Confused dispositionC1formal

   A state of being confused, nervous, or upset in one's demeanor.

   不安

   • His perturbation was obvious when he forgot his lines on stage.
   • She spoke with a perturbation that made her words hard to follow.
   • The child's perturbation grew as the noise increased.

   同义词agitationconfusiondiscomposuredisquietdisturbanceflusternervousnessturmoiluneaseupset

   反义词calmnesscomposureequanimityserenity

5. Act of causing disorderC1formal

   The action of creating disorder or disturbance in a system or situation.

   扰动

   • The protest was a perturbation of the usual city routine.
   • His arrival caused a perturbation in the quiet meeting.
   • The sudden change in policy led to a perturbation in the company's operations.

   同义词agitationconfusionderangementdiscomposuredisorderdisruptiondisturbanceupset

   反义词calmnormalityorderpeacestabilizationtranquility