chalk

• مادة طبيعية بيضاء هشة مسامية تتكون أساسًا من كربونات الكالسيوم، تُستخدم في الكتابة والرسم على السبورات والأرصفة، وكذلك القطعة الصغيرة من هذه المادة المخصصة للكتابة.

A soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, or a stick of this material used for writing or drawing on blackboards or sidewalks.

1. Writing materialA1formal

   A soft white or colored stick used for writing or drawing on blackboards or sidewalks.

   طباشير

   • The teacher picked up a piece of chalk and wrote on the board.
   • Children drew colorful pictures with sidewalk chalk.
   • He broke the chalk while writing on the blackboard.

2. Rock typeB1formal

   A soft, white, porous sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate.

   الطباشير

   • The cliffs of Dover are made of white chalk.
   • Chalk is often used in agriculture to neutralize acidic soil.
   • Geologists studied the chalk deposits in the region.

• فعل يعني الكتابة أو الرسم أو التأشير بالطباشير، أو نَسب شيء ما إلى سبب ما (يُستخدم غالبًا في الأفعال المركبة مثل 'chalk up').

A verb meaning to write, draw, or mark with chalk, or to attribute something to a cause (often used in phrasal verbs like 'chalk up').

1. Write or draw with chalkA2formal

   To write, draw, or mark something using a piece of chalk.

   الكتابة بالطباشير

   • The teacher chalked the equation on the blackboard.
   • He chalked a hopscotch grid on the pavement.
   • She chalked the outline of the map on the wall.

   الأضدادeraserub

2. Attribute or explainB2informal

   To attribute a result or situation to a particular cause (often used in the phrase 'chalk up to').

   يعزو

   • They chalked the failure up to lack of preparation.
   • She chalked her success up to hard work and determination.
   • We can chalk this mistake up to inexperience.

   المرادفاتascribeassignattributecreditimpute

3. Record or scoreB2informal

   To record or achieve something, especially a score or success (often used in the phrase 'chalk up').

   تسجيل أو تحقيق

   • The team chalked up another victory this season.
   • He chalked up several impressive sales figures.
   • She chalked up a personal best in the marathon.

   المرادفاتachieveattainearngainnotchrecordregisterscoretally

   الأضدادforfeitlosemiss

الصيغ المركّبةchalk outchalk up