roughness

• اسم يدل على صفة الخشونة أو حالة كون الشيء غير أملس، ويشمل عدم النعومة في الملمس، والصلابة أو الحدّة في الإحساس، وعدم التهذيب في السلوك، واضطراب البحر، وتآكل السطح أو نتوءاته، وجفاء القول.

A noun referring to the quality or state of being rough, encompassing uneven texture, harshness to the senses, lack of refinement, stormy sea conditions, rowdy behavior, surface pitting due to corrosion, or severe speech or behavior.

غير معدود

1. Uneven surface textureB1formal

   The quality of a surface or edge being irregular and not smooth.

   خشونة

   • The roughness of the sandpaper helped smooth the wood.
   • He could feel the roughness of the stone wall.
   • The roughness of the road made the drive uncomfortable.

   المرادفاتasperitybumpinesscoarsenessirregularityjaggednessruggednessunevenness

   الأضدادevennessflatnesssmoothness

2. Harsh sensory qualityB2formal

   The quality of being unpleasant to the senses, such as a harsh sound or coarse texture.

   الخشونة

   • The roughness of his voice indicated he had a cold.
   • She disliked the roughness of the cheap fabric.
   • The roughness of the wind made it hard to hear.

   المرادفاتcoarsenessharshnessruggednessscratchinessunevenness

   الأضدادsmoothnesssoftness

3. Lack of refinementB2formal

   An unpolished or unrefined quality in character or manner.

   الخشونة

   • His roughness of manner was off-putting at first.
   • The roughness of the early draft was improved by editing.
   • She had a certain roughness that came from growing up on a farm.

   المرادفاتboorishnesscoarsenesscrudenessinelegancerudenessuncouthnessvulgarity

   الأضدادelegancegracepolishrefinementsophistication

4. Stormy sea conditionB2formal

   The state of the sea being rough or turbulent due to bad weather.

   اضطراب البحر

   • The roughness of the sea made sailing dangerous.
   • Fishermen stayed in port due to the roughness of the ocean.
   • The roughness of the waves caused many passengers to feel seasick.

   المرادفاتagitationchoppinessstorminessturbulenceviolence

   الأضدادcalmsmoothnessstillness

5. Rowdy behaviorB2informal

   Boisterous, disorderly, or aggressive conduct.

   الخشونة

   • The roughness of the crowd led to several arrests.
   • His roughness on the field earned him a penalty.
   • The roughness of the children's play worried the parents.

   المرادفاتboisterousnessdisorderlinesshooliganismrowdinessturbulenceunrulinessviolence

6. Surface pitting from corrosionC1formal

   The formation of small pits or irregularities on a surface due to chemical or electrochemical corrosion.

   خشونة ناتجة عن التآكل

   • The roughness caused by corrosion weakened the metal structure.
   • Engineers measured the roughness of the pipe after years of use.
   • The roughness of the surface indicated advanced rusting.

   المرادفاتpitting

7. Harsh speech or behaviorB2formal

   Severe, unkind, or blunt language or actions.

   الخشونة في القول أو الفعل

   • The roughness of his criticism upset the team.
   • She was hurt by the roughness of his tone.
   • The roughness of the negotiation surprised both parties.

   المرادفاتabruptnessbluntnessbrusquenessgruffnessharshnessrudenessseveritysharpnessunkindness

   الأضدادcourtesygentlenesskindnesspolitenesssmoothness