roughness

• 名词，指表面粗糙或不平整的性质或状态，包括质地不平滑、感觉上的刺耳或粗涩、缺乏精致、海上的风浪、行为粗鲁、腐蚀造成的不平整，以及言辞或行为的尖刻。

A noun referring to the quality or state of being rough, encompassing uneven texture, harshness to the senses, lack of refinement, stormy sea conditions, rowdy behavior, surface pitting due to corrosion, or severe speech or behavior.

不可数

1. Uneven surface textureB1formal

   The quality of a surface or edge being irregular and not smooth.

   粗糙度

   • The roughness of the sandpaper helped smooth the wood.
   • He could feel the roughness of the stone wall.
   • The roughness of the road made the drive uncomfortable.

   同义词asperitybumpinesscoarsenessirregularityjaggednessruggednessunevenness

   反义词evennessflatnesssmoothness

2. Harsh sensory qualityB2formal

   The quality of being unpleasant to the senses, such as a harsh sound or coarse texture.

   粗糙感

   • The roughness of his voice indicated he had a cold.
   • She disliked the roughness of the cheap fabric.
   • The roughness of the wind made it hard to hear.

   同义词coarsenessharshnessruggednessscratchinessunevenness

   反义词smoothnesssoftness

3. Lack of refinementB2formal

   An unpolished or unrefined quality in character or manner.

   粗鲁

   • His roughness of manner was off-putting at first.
   • The roughness of the early draft was improved by editing.
   • She had a certain roughness that came from growing up on a farm.

   同义词boorishnesscoarsenesscrudenessinelegancerudenessuncouthnessvulgarity

   反义词elegancegracepolishrefinementsophistication

4. Stormy sea conditionB2formal

   The state of the sea being rough or turbulent due to bad weather.

   海况恶劣

   • The roughness of the sea made sailing dangerous.
   • Fishermen stayed in port due to the roughness of the ocean.
   • The roughness of the waves caused many passengers to feel seasick.

   同义词agitationchoppinessstorminessturbulenceviolence

   反义词calmsmoothnessstillness

5. Rowdy behaviorB2informal

   Boisterous, disorderly, or aggressive conduct.

   粗暴

   • The roughness of the crowd led to several arrests.
   • His roughness on the field earned him a penalty.
   • The roughness of the children's play worried the parents.

   同义词boisterousnessdisorderlinesshooliganismrowdinessturbulenceunrulinessviolence

6. Surface pitting from corrosionC1formal

   The formation of small pits or irregularities on a surface due to chemical or electrochemical corrosion.

   腐蚀粗糙度

   • The roughness caused by corrosion weakened the metal structure.
   • Engineers measured the roughness of the pipe after years of use.
   • The roughness of the surface indicated advanced rusting.

   同义词pitting

7. Harsh speech or behaviorB2formal

   Severe, unkind, or blunt language or actions.

   粗暴

   • The roughness of his criticism upset the team.
   • She was hurt by the roughness of his tone.
   • The roughness of the negotiation surprised both parties.

   同义词abruptnessbluntnessbrusquenessgruffnessharshnessrudenessseveritysharpnessunkindness

   反义词courtesygentlenesskindnesspolitenesssmoothness