turbulence

• اسم يدل على اضطراب أو عدم استقرار في تدفق سائل أو غاز، ويُستعمل غالبًا لوصف اهتزاز الطائرة أثناء الطيران، كما يُستعمل مجازًا للدلالة على الاضطراب والفوضى في السياق الاجتماعي أو السياسي.

A noun referring to unstable, irregular flow of a fluid or gas, often used to describe bumpy air conditions during flight or a state of violent disturbance and disorder in social or political contexts.

غير معدود

1. Unstable flow of fluidB2formalscientific

   Irregular and chaotic movement of a liquid or gas, characterized by eddies and unpredictable changes.

   اضطراب المائع

   • The turbulence in the river made swimming dangerous.
   • Engineers study turbulence to improve aircraft design.
   • The flow of water in the pipe became turbulent at high speeds.

   المرادفاتturbulency

2. Atmospheric instabilityB1formalscientific

   Irregular and unpredictable movement of air in the atmosphere, often causing bumpy flights.

   اضطراب جوي

   • The pilot warned us about turbulence ahead.
   • We experienced severe turbulence during the storm.
   • Clear-air turbulence can occur without warning.

   المرادفاتbumpinesschoppinessroughness

   الأضدادcalmstabilitystillness

3. Social or political disorderB2formal

   A state of violent disturbance, confusion, or instability in society, politics, or other systems.

   اضطراب سياسي واجتماعي

   • The country experienced political turbulence after the election.
   • Economic turbulence led to widespread protests.
   • The region has been in a state of turbulence for decades.

   المرادفاتagitationchaoscommotionconvulsiondisorderdisturbanceinstabilityturmoilunrestupheaval

   الأضدادcalmharmonyorderpeacestability