turbulence

• 名词，指流体或气体不稳定、不规则的运动，常用于描述飞行中的颠簸；也比喻社会或政治上的动荡、混乱状态。

A noun referring to unstable, irregular flow of a fluid or gas, often used to describe bumpy air conditions during flight or a state of violent disturbance and disorder in social or political contexts.

不可数

1. Unstable flow of fluidB2formalscientific

   Irregular and chaotic movement of a liquid or gas, characterized by eddies and unpredictable changes.

   湍流

   • The turbulence in the river made swimming dangerous.
   • Engineers study turbulence to improve aircraft design.
   • The flow of water in the pipe became turbulent at high speeds.

   同义词turbulency

2. Atmospheric instabilityB1formalscientific

   Irregular and unpredictable movement of air in the atmosphere, often causing bumpy flights.

   湍流

   • The pilot warned us about turbulence ahead.
   • We experienced severe turbulence during the storm.
   • Clear-air turbulence can occur without warning.

   同义词bumpinesschoppinessroughness

   反义词calmstabilitystillness

3. Social or political disorderB2formal

   A state of violent disturbance, confusion, or instability in society, politics, or other systems.

   动荡

   • The country experienced political turbulence after the election.
   • Economic turbulence led to widespread protests.
   • The region has been in a state of turbulence for decades.

   同义词agitationchaoscommotionconvulsiondisorderdisturbanceinstabilityturmoilunrestupheaval

   反义词calmharmonyorderpeacestability