roughened

• يصف سطحًا جُعل خشنًا أو غير مستوٍ، غالبًا بسبب التآكل أو التعرض للعوامل الجوية أو نتيجة فعل مقصود.

Describes a surface that has been made rough or uneven, often through wear, weather, or deliberate action.

1. Made rough or unevenB2formal

   Describes a surface that has become rough, coarse, or uneven, often due to weather, use, or exposure.

   خَشِن

   • His hands were roughened from years of manual labor.
   • The constant wind roughened the surface of the old wooden fence.
   • Her skin was roughened by the harsh winter cold.

   المرادفاتbumpychafedcoarseirregularjaggedroughruggedunevenweatheredworn

   الأضدادflattenedpolishedsmoothed

• فعل يدل على جعل الشيء خشن الملمس أو غير أملس، أو على صيرورته كذلك.

A verb used to indicate the act of making or becoming rough in texture or surface.

1. Make rough or rougherB2formal

   To cause a surface to become less smooth, more uneven, or coarser in texture.

   جعل السطح خشنًا

   • The constant wind and sand roughened the wooden deck.
   • You can roughen the surface of the clay before painting it.
   • Harsh weather conditions roughened the stone walls over time.

   المرادفاتabradechafecoarsengraterasproughsandscrapescratch

   الأضدادflattenlevelpolishrefinesmooth