rough

• يصف سطحًا غير أملس أو خشن الملمس، أو وضعًا صعبًا أو مزعجًا.

Describes a surface that is not smooth, or a situation that is difficult or unpleasant.

1. Uneven surfaceA2formal

   Having an uneven or irregular surface; not smooth.

   خَشِن

   • The rough texture of the stone made it difficult to walk on.
   • Her hands were rough from years of manual labor.
   • The road was rough and full of potholes.

   المرادفاتbumpycoarseirregularjaggedlumpynubbypittedruggedscraggyuneven

   الأضدادevenflatlevelsmooth

2. Approximate or not exactB1formal

   Not exact or precise; approximate.

   تقريبي

   • Can you give me a rough estimate of the cost?
   • I have a rough idea of what happened.
   • The rough draft of the essay needs more work.

   المرادفاتapproximatecursorygeneralimpreciseinexactloosesketchyvague

   الأضدادaccuratecloseexactprecise

3. Difficult or unpleasantB1informal

   Characterized by hardship, difficulty, or unpleasantness.

   صعب

   • He's been going through a rough time lately.
   • The weather was rough during the storm.
   • She had a rough day at work.

   المرادفاتarduousdifficultgruelinghardharshrigorousseveretoughtryingunpleasant

   الأضدادagreeablecomfortableeasypleasantsmooth

4. Not gentle or violentB1informal

   Behaving in a harsh, aggressive, or violent manner.

   خَشِن

   • The kids were playing too rough and someone got hurt.
   • He has a rough manner of speaking.
   • The dog was too rough with the children.

   المرادفاتaggressivebelligerentbrutalferociousharshrowdysavageviciousviolentwild

   الأضدادgentlekindmildsofttender

• اسم يشير إلى نسخة أولية غير مكتملة أو غير منقحة من شيء ما، كالمسودة أو الرسم التخطيطي، كما يشير إلى الملمس الخشن غير المصقول لسطح ما.

A noun referring to a preliminary, unfinished, or unrefined version or state of something, such as a sketch, draft, or surface texture.

غير معدود

1. Unfinished or preliminary stateB2informal

   A preliminary or unfinished version of something, such as a sketch or draft.

   مسودة

   • I'll show you the rough of the design first.
   • He wrote a rough of his speech before editing it.
   • The artist presented a rough of the painting to the client.

   المرادفاتdraftoutlinesketch

   الأضدادcompletefinalfinishedpolished

2. Difficult or unpleasant personC1informalbritish

   A person who is tough, uncouth, or prone to violence.

   فظ، غليظ

   • The pub was full of roughs looking for a fight.
   • He was known as a rough in the neighborhood.
   • The roughs caused trouble at the football match.

   المرادفاتbullyhoodlumhooliganrowdyruffianthugtoughyob

• فعل يعني جعل الشيء غير مستوٍ أو خشن الملمس، ويُستعمل أيضاً بمعنى العيش في ظروف قاسية أو غير مريحة، خاصة في عبارة 'rough it' أي الاستغناء عن وسائل الراحة.

A verb meaning to make something uneven or to live in uncomfortable conditions, often used in the phrase 'rough it'.

1. Prepare in preliminary or sketchy formB2informal

   To create a rough, unfinished, or basic version of something, such as a drawing, plan, or document.

   وضع مسودة

   • The architect roughed out a design for the new building.
   • She roughed in the main points of her speech.
   • He roughed up a quick sketch of the scene.

   المرادفاتadumbrateblock outdraftoutlinerough inrough outsketch

   الأضدادcompleteperfectpolishrefine

الصيغ المركّبةrough inrough outrough up