rigorous

• 形容某事极为细致、严密、严格，常用于规则、程序或学术研究等语境。

Describes something that is extremely thorough, careful, and strict, often in the context of rules, procedures, or academic study.

1. Thorough and strictB2formal

   Extremely thorough, careful, and demanding high standards.

   严谨严格

   • The university has a rigorous academic program.
   • The product underwent rigorous testing before release.
   • She followed a rigorous training schedule for the marathon.

   同义词carefulconscientiousdemandingexactingmeticulousprecisescrupulousstrictstringentthorough

   反义词carelesslaxlenientnegligentperfunctoryslipshodsloppysuperficial

2. Harsh or severeB2formal

   Describing conditions that are difficult, strict, or uncomfortable.

   严苛

   • The prisoners endured rigorous conditions in the camp.
   • The winter was rigorous, with temperatures dropping below zero.
   • The rigorous climate made farming nearly impossible.

   同义词austeredemandinghardharshinclementseveresternstrictstringenttough

   反义词easygentleindulgentlenientmildpermissive