backward

• يشير إلى الاتجاه المعاكس للتقدم أو الحركة إلى الأمام، ويُستعمل أيضاً لوصف شخص أو شيء متخلف عن غيره في النمو أو التطور أو التقدم.

Describes a direction opposite to forward; also used to describe someone or something that is less developed or slow to progress.

1. Directed behindB1formal

   Directed or facing toward the back or rear.

   موجَّه إلى الخلف

   • He took a backward step to avoid the obstacle.
   • The car moved in a backward direction.
   • She gave a backward glance as she left the room.

   المرادفاتrearwardretrogradereverse

   الأضدادforwardfrontward

2. Less developedB2formal

   Having made less progress than is usual or expected; underdeveloped.

   متخلف

   • The region was considered backward in terms of technology.
   • They criticized the country's backward economic policies.
   • The school system was seen as backward compared to others.

   المرادفاتbehinddepriveddisadvantagedlaggingprimitiveunderdevelopedundevelopedunsophisticated

   الأضدادadvanceddevelopedprogressive

3. Shy or hesitantB2informal

   Reluctant to act or express oneself; reserved.

   خجول

   • He was backward about sharing his opinion.
   • She felt backward in the presence of strangers.
   • Don't be so backward; just ask for what you want.

   المرادفاتbashfuldiffidentreservedreticentshytimid

   الأضدادassertiveboldconfidentforwardoutgoing

• ظرف يعني 'إلى الخلف' أو 'في الاتجاه المعاكس'. ويُستخدم أيضًا لوصف طريقة الحركة أو النظر إلى الوراء.

An adverb meaning 'toward the rear' or 'in a reverse direction.' It can also describe a manner of moving or looking behind. In American English, 'backward' is often used interchangeably with 'backwards,' though 'backward' is more common as an adjective.

1. Direction opposite to forwardA2formal

   Toward the back or rear; in a direction opposite to the one you are facing.

   إلى الخلف

   • He took a step backward to avoid the puddle.
   • The car rolled backward down the hill.
   • She glanced backward to see if anyone was following.

   المرادفاتbackbackwardsrearwardrearwards

   الأضدادforward

2. In reverse orderB1formal

   From the end to the beginning; in a sequence opposite to the usual.

   بِالترتيب العكسي

   • Can you count backward from ten?
   • He read the list backward by mistake.
   • The movie was played backward for a special effect.

   المرادفاتbackwardsconverselyinverselyreversethe other way around

   الأضدادforward

3. Toward a worse stateB2formal

   Toward a less developed or less advanced condition.

   إلى الوراء

   • The country is moving backward in terms of human rights.
   • His health has gone backward since the treatment stopped.
   • The project took a step backward after the budget cuts.

   المرادفاتbackwardsdownhill

   الأضدادaheadforward