coarsened

• 形容某物变得粗糙、粗俗，或在质地、品质或性质上变得不那么精致优雅。

Describes something that has become rough, vulgar, or less refined in texture, quality, or character.

1. Made rough or less refinedC1formal

   Having become rough in texture or less refined in quality or character.

   变粗糙的

   • His hands were coarsened by years of manual labor.
   • The fabric had coarsened after repeated washing.
   • Her once gentle voice had coarsened with age and shouting.

   同义词crudedebaseddegradedgrainygrittyharshroughroughenedunrefined

   反义词polishedrefinedsmoothed

• 动词，指使某物变得粗糙、不精细或降低其精致程度，也可指本身变得粗糙或失去优雅。

A verb used to indicate the process of making or becoming rough, crude, or less refined in texture, quality, or character.

1. Make or become roughC1formal

   To cause something to become rougher in texture or quality, or to become rough itself.

   使变粗糙或变得粗糙

   • The harsh weather coarsened the skin on his hands.
   • Repeated washing can coarsen the fabric of a shirt.
   • Her voice coarsened from years of shouting.

   同义词abradechafegraterasproughenscrapescratch

   反义词polishrefinesmoothsoften

2. Make less refinedC2formal

   To cause someone's manners, language, or behavior to become less polite, subtle, or sophisticated.

   使粗俗

   • Living in a rough environment can coarsen a person's manners.
   • The constant exposure to vulgar language coarsened his speech.
   • The film's violence seemed to coarsen the audience's sensibilities.

   同义词cheapendebasedegradedemean

   反义词civilizecultivateelevateimprovepolishrefinesophisticate